• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/122

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

122 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Refers to the significant increases in both the total numbers of older adults and the relative proportion of older adults in most countries across the globe.
Demographic imperative
Refers both to differences in the state of health and in health outcomes between groups of persons.
Health disparity
Refers to the burden of illness, or the difference between the expected incidence and prevalence and that which actually occurs in excess, in a comparison population group.
Health inequity
The ability to move smoothly between the world of the nurse and the world of the patient.
Cultural proficiency
Recognizing the presence of "isms" and how these have the potential to impact not only health care but also the quality of life for older adults.
Cultural awareness
The process by which a person from a minority or marginalized culture adopts that of the dominant or majority culture.
Acculturation
Refers to a culture group with which one self-identifies.
Ethnicity
Western medicine is associated with (past/present/future) time orientation.
Future
There are two kinds of "intensity of relationships." What are they?
1. High-context: The elder inquires about a nurse's work, family, etc, and expects her to do the same and be genuinely interested in him. 2. Low-context: Interaction is task-oriented and small talk is pointless.
Willingness of a person emigrating to a new culture to gradually adopt and incorporate characteristics of the prevailing culture.
Assimilation
Conscious process of demonstrating knowledge and understanding of a client’s culture to recognize, accept, respect cultural differences; be able to incorporate these cultural beliefs and practices about wellness and illness into the delivery of care; and adapt interventions to be congruent with the client’s culture.
Cultural competence
Knowledge and fundamental ability to manage illness as well as navigate the health care system.
Health literacy
Systematic appraisal or examination of individuals, groups, and communities about their cultural beliefs, values, and practices to determine explicit needs and intervention practices.
Cultural assessment
Situations and feelings of passive betweeness when people exist between two different cultures and do not yet perceive themselves as centrally belonging to either one.
Cultural marginality
Universal tendency of persons to think that their ways of thinking, believing and behaving are the only right, proper and natural ways.
Ethnocentrism
What are the three types of beliefs about health, illness, and treatment?
Biomedical (Western)
Magico-religious
Naturalistic or holistic
The ___ belief about health espouses the belief that disease is the result of abnormalities in structure and function of body organs and systems.
Biomedical/scientific/Western
In the ___ theory of illness and disease causation, both are caused by the actions of a higher power.
Magico-religious
The ___ health belief system is based on the concept of balance and stems from the ancient civilizations of China, India, and Greece.
Naturalistic/holistic
Ayurvedic medicine is a type of ___ health belief system.
Naturalistic/holistic
The application of limited knowledge about one person with specific characteristics to other persons with the same general characteristics and, in doing so, limits the recognition of the heterogeneity of any group.
Stereotyping
Curanderos and espirituistas are considered ___.
"Folk health healers"
T/f. Among African American culture, folk practitioners are held in higher esteem than the Western biomedical healthcare team.
True
True/False. The religious leader "Imam" is called upon to visit Muslim patients.
Trick question. The imam is only summoned after a patient dies.
Arab Americans are considered (past/present/future) oriented in terms of health care.
Present. The future is uncertain.
The failure to provide for one’s self the goods or services, including medical services, which are necessary to avoid physical or emotional harm or pain or the failure of a caretaker to provide such goods or services.
Self neglect
What are the different types of abuse? (7)
PHysical, sexual, emotional/psychological, medical, financial, neglect, abandonment.
Subjecting a person to unwanted medical treatments or procedures.
Medical abuse
The illegal or improper use of an elder's funds, property, or assets.
Financial or material abuse or exploitation.
The refusal or failure to fulfill any part of a person's previously agreed obligation or duties to an elder dependent on the person for care or assistance.
Neglect
The desertion of an elder by an individual who had assumed the responsibility of providing care or assistance.
Abandonment
The substitution of one person's will for the true desires of another. ___ takes place when one person uses his or her role and power to exploit the trust, dependency or fear of another to gain psychological control over the weaker person's decision-making, usually for financial gain.
Undue Influence
The most common form of elder mistreatment.
Neglect
An act of omission or withholding needed goods and services such as food, medication, medical treatment, and personal care necessary for the well-being of the frail elder.
Caregiver neglect
(Passive/Active) caregiver neglect is most prevalent.
Passive
___ are volunteers or paid staff members who are responsible for acting as advocates for vulnerable elders in institutions.
Ombudsmen
True/False. If abuse is suspected, an elder may be removed from a harmful situation without their permission.
False
T/F. Failure to report suspicions of abuse may result in civil and/or criminal penalties.
True
Hitting/slapping is an example of ___ abuse.
Intentional
Leaving an individual alone, tied to a chair is an example of ___ abuse.
Reckless w/ criminal negligence.
What is the Elder Justice Act?
Part of the health care reform bill and known as Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act;
Authorizes Elder Justice Coordinating Council to make recommendations on coordination of on federal, state, and local activities relating to elder abuse, neglect and exploitation.

Note: The elder justice act is only a PARTIAL victory!
The illegal or improper use of an elderly individual for monetary or personal benefit, profit, or gain.
Exploitation
Consent by a person legally authorized to act for the owner.
Effect consent
Creating or confirming by words or conduct a false impression of law or fact.
Deception
Who is most at risk for elder abuse?
Older, elderly women (75+)
What type of elder abuse is most common?
Self-neglect
Who are the most frequent abusers?
Adult children
A caseworker for abuse begins an investigation within how long of receiving an intake?
24 hours
What is the most common substance abused by elders?
Nicotine (18-22%)
T/F. Heavy drinkers tend to maintain a stable pattern of drinking in the later years.
False. Heavy drinkers tend to reduce or terminate. Light/moderate drinkers maintain a stable pattern.
What is the alcohol consumption recommendation for older adults?
No more than 1 drink per day.
Rates of alcoholism (increase/decline) with age.
Decline
When was retirement insurance established?
1935
When was medicare established?
1965
When was Medicare Part D established?
2003
How much do you have to earn to earn one credit for social security?
1120 dollars
How many credits are you permitted to acquire per year for social security?
Four
How many credits do you have to earn to receive retirement benefits?
Forty
What is the definition for social security disability?
A person cannot complete SUBSTANTIAL WORK for at least TWELVE MONTHS, or is expected to result in death.
If a worker wishes to receive disability benefits, how many years would he have to have paid into SS?
Five out of the last ten years
Who can get Medicare? (4)
65 and older; a person receiving SS disability benefits for at least 24 months; ESRD; or ALS
Which Medicare covers most inpatient hospital expenses? (A, B, D?)
Part A
Which Medicare covers most (80%) of doctor bills and other outpatient medical expenses after the first 162$ in approved charges?
Medicare Part B
Which Medicare covers the major portion of prescription drug costs?
Medicare Part D
How is the amount of benefit (social security) calculated?
It is calculated based upon the average salary a person earns during 35 of their working years.
What solution is there that has been suggested to ensure social security will not cease to exist?
Increase the retirement age to 67 for those born in 1960 or after in order to become eligible for SS benefits.
For-profit or not-for-profit company that manages a system of health care delivery in which patients agree to use health care providers from a panel of physicians, nurse practitioners, therapists, hospitals, pharmacies, and home care agencies, among others designated by the MCO. Monitors the cost of care provided to patients to control the cost of care.
Managed Care Organization (MCO)
Group of individual entities such as a hospital and physicians that join together into a single entity to provide integrated health care services to contracted clients/patients.
Integrated Delivery Systems
A health care delivery system through which providers contract to offer medical services to benefit plan enrollees on a fee-for-service basis at various reimbursement levels in return for more patients and/or timely payment.
PPO
Health insurance company to which subscribers (patients) pay a predetermined co-pay in return for a range of medical services from physicians and other health care providers who are approved by the organization. Premiums are usually paid by Medicare through a capitated system.
HMO
Legal ruling that changed several aspects of the traditional Medicare insurance plans. Among the changes were coverage for several preventive services, a one-time “welcome to Medicare” physical, and the implementation of a public-private partnership to offer partial drug coverage under the new Medicare Part D, which supplements the existing Medicare Parts A, B, and C.
Medicare Modernization Act
Insurance plans for prescription drug coverage that are individually managed and owned by either private or corporate organizations. Most are “for-profit.” If deemed “credible,” they are considered an option for purchasing under the Medicare Part D plan.
Prescription Drug Plans (PPDs)
What is the difference between Medicare and Medicaid?
In Medicare, you use your own resources and ascribe to a certain criteria for eligibility. In Medicaid, the criteria includes income and asset restrictions.
If you are inpatient and are acquiring Medicare Part A, after how many days does the coverage stop?
After 150 days
How long does Medicare Part A cover nursing home care?
A maximum of 100 days, or only as long as a skilled service is needed.
If a patient is in a nursing home, for how many days does Medicare Part A cover the costs 100%?
The first 20 days are covered at 100%. Days 21-100 require a substantial daily co-pay (124 a day).
True/False. Custodial care is covered by Medicare.
FALSE. Custodial care is NOT covered. Only skilled nursing is covered.
____ Medicare replaces Medicare Parts A and B for all costs associated with the terminal condition.
Hospice Medicare
Medicare Part B is associated with a ___ arrangement.
Fee-for-service
True/False. All persons eligible for Medicare Part A must select and apply for Part B.
True
Medicare Part (A/B/C/D) is characterized by prospective payment models.
Medicare Part C
___ became law in 1999, which allows appeals when a managed care plan denies care, guarantees access to specialists when needed, ensures that health-related decisions are made by health care providers, and holds managed care plans legally accountable for medical decisions that cause harm.
Center for Patient Advocacy
Medicare Part (A/B/C/D) is an elective prescription drug plan with associated out-of-pocket premiums and co-payments.
Medicare Part D
___ is a health care insurance program provided by the Department of Defense for eligible beneficiaries.
Tricare for Life
(Medicare/Medicaid) provides health services for low income children, pregnant women, those who are permanently disabled, and persons older than 65 years.
Medicaid
What does Medicaid provide than Medicare does not?
Custodial care, preventative care
Enacted in 1997; targets lawyers and other estate planners and holds them responsible for attempting to circumvent laws that required persons to pay for their own long-term care.
Balanced Budget Act
___ is additional insurance purchased for potential long-term care needs.
Long-Term Care Insurance
True/False. Long-Term Care Insurance is federally funded.
False. Long-Term Care Insurance does not receive any government funding. Costs can be prohibitive as one ages.
T/F. People with Alzheimer’s disease are eligible to receive home benefits.
False
What percent of elderly people live in single-family houses or apartments?
90%
What percent of elderly live in nursing homes?
5%
Allowing older adults to remain in their own homes and communities for as long as possible, thus minimizing traumatic uprooting moves to other residential and care settings.
Aging in place
What is considered a “least restrictive environment”?
A living arrangement which maximizes choice and minimizes lifestyle disruption. An environment that allows the patient to be as independent as possible.
What is a potential con of a CCRC?
It is VERY EXPENSIVE, and Medicare does not cover assisted living because there are no skilled services offered. Medicaid might not cover it because there may be no “custodial services” offered. Medicare might only cover the nursing home aspect of the CCRC.
___ are government-subsidized apartments architecturally designed for elders and may also include disabled individuals from younger groups.
HUD or Federally-Assisted Housing
True/False. Medicare covers the costs of Assisted Living Facilities.
FALSE. There are no skilled nursing services offered.
True/False. Board & Care or Personal Care Homes are covered by Medicaid.
True
True/False. Medicaid covers both skilled and custodial care.
True
True/False. Medicaid will cover Adult Day Care facilities.
True
Systematic appraisal or examination of individuals, groups, and communities about their cultural beliefs, values, and practices to determine explicit needs and intervention practices.
Cultural assessment
Embodies beliefs, values and treatment approaches of a particular cultural group that are products of cultural development.
Folk health system
What are the six cultural phenomena of the culturally unique individual?
BET CPS; Biological variations, Environmental control, Time, Communication, Personal space, and Social Organization
True/False. If you are eligible for supplemental security income, you are eligible for Medicaid.
True
At exhaustion in year ____, only about 78% of social security benefits will be paid.
2036
What are two spiritual assessments?
Jarel and Stoll
Shift in perspective from the material world to the cosmic and an increasing life satisfaction.
Gerotranscendence
How much suffering is “worth it” to stay alive? At what point should efforts to prolong life be stopped? On what basis? By whom? Which is more important, “quality” or “quantity” of life?
Medical futility
Written statement that directs health care providers concerning consent or refusal of treatment when the individual patient does not possess decision-making capacity.
Advance directive
Document that establishes a written mechanism for an individual to specify wishes about withdrawing or forgoing life-sustaining treatment (treatment that only prolongs or delays the process of dying).
Living will
True/False. RNs may pronounce death of a patient based on nursing assessment and in the absence of a physician.
True
True/False. An RN can sign a death certificate.
False
Legal document and device in which one person designates another person (i.e., family member, friend) to act on his or her behalf.
Power of Attorney
Person appointed to control finances of the ward.
Conservator
Substance most commonly abused in older adulthood.
Nicotine (18-22%); Alcohol is a close second (2-18%)
1 standard drink = how much beer, wine, spirits, sherry, or liqueur?
12 ounces of beer; 5 ounces of wine; 1.5 oz of spirits; 4 oz of sherry; 4 oz of liqueur
Medical disorder characterized by loss of control, preoccupation with alcohol, continued use despite problems, physiological symptoms such as tolerance and withdrawal
Dependence
This NT functions in learning and memory.
Glutamate
According to the study we read, which individuals were considered high-risk alcohol users?
Male caucasians (60-64), and thos ewith lower levels of education.
"At-risk" drinking is estimated to be ___% among all elderly adults and ___% among older adults who are current drinkers.
10%; 26%
The tool used in the study to identify at-risk drinkers was the ___
CARET (Comorbidity Alcohol Risk Evaluation Tool)
Of the 3,308 current drinkers in the sample of the study, approximately ___% were at-risk drinkers due to either alcohol behaviors or alcohol use combined with certain comorbidities or medications.
34.7%