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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the name of the condition that describes a disruption in the tract that connect's Wernicke's and Broca's area?
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Arcuate Fasciculus
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What's the name of the condition that describes a disturbance in CSF, especially increased volume? What are the primary causes?
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Hydrocephalus. Caused by subarachnoid hemorrhages, head injury, and a variety of other (less important) things.
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What technique is used to analyze and diagnose CSF disorder? Where does it occur? When is it dangerous?
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Lumbarpuncture is the technique. It occurs between L3 and L4, and it's dangerous during high pressure.
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If a patient has leg paralysis, what kind of stroke likely occurred?
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Anterior cerebral artery
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What's the most common symptom of autonomic dysfunction, and what characterizes it?
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Orthostatic hypotension - it's feinting that occurs when a person stands up.
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When testing knee reflexes, what does under-reaction show? Over-reaction?
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Under-reaction indicates a problem lower in the CNS. Over-reaction indicates a problem higher in the CNS.
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What two chemicals are associated with degenerative disc disease?
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Collagen and elastin
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The ventral root contains what? Dorsal root? Which is anterior and posterior?
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Ventral root is anterior and contains motor fibers. Dorsal root is posterior and contains sensory axons.
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Which neural pathways are split, and how so?
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The sensory pathways are split - discriminative sensation and pain/temperature.
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What type of disc compression is a major cause of backache and sciatica? What causes it?
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Disc prolapse, and it's caused by age-related degenerative changes in the disc.
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What's the test that involves injecting a liquid dye into the spinal column?
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Myelogram
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What are the three levels of treatment for degenerative disc disease?
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Conservative: NSAIDS, brace, physical therapy
Moderate: Epidural steroid injection Aggressive: Surgery like laminectomy, artificial disc, and disc fusion |
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When will Babinksi's sign show?
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Upper motor neuron lesion
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What are the signs and symptoms of lower motor neuron disease?
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Weakness, usually beginning in one hand, foot, or the tongue, then spreading.
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What are the signs and symptoms of upper motor neuron disease?
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Stiffness, slowness, and clumsiness of movement.
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What nerves control facial movements?
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Trigeminal and corticobulbar
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What are the two types of horizontal gaze palsy, and what causes them?
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1st is a lesion in the cerebral hemisphere, which the patient to look toward the lesion.
2nd is pontine gaze palsy, which causes the patient to look away from the lesion. |
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What important neurotransmitters are associated with the sympathetic nervous system? Parasympathetic?
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Noradrenaline and adrenaline are with the sympathetic, and acetyl choline is parasympathetic.
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What age related diseases affect the autonomic nervous system?
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Diabetes, renal disease, and amyloidosis
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What is the primary autonomic defect in aging?
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Reduced norepinephrine reuptake
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What are the main signs of autonomic dysfunction?
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Impotence (the first sign in men), bladder dysfunction, gastrointestinal dysfunction, and eye irritation
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What are the main neuropathies of peripheral nerve disorders?
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Diabetes, amyloidosis, alcoholism, porphyria, Guillain-Barre syndrome
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What are the signs and symptoms of amyloidosis?
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Sensory loss, cardiac and renal impairment, and autonomic dysfunction.
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Where are 99% of spinal cord problems?
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In the intervertebral disc, around L4 and L5.
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What's the loop of arteries in the brain called?
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The circle of Willis.
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What are the three levels of diagnostic evaluation for a stroke?
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1: blood work, ECG, CT scan
2: ultrasound, Holter 3: Angiography, MRI |
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How do statins work?
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Statins inhibit the conversion of triglycerides into cholesterol. Triglycerides > mevalonate > cholesterol
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What are the 3 levels of stroke prevention therapies?
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1. control risk factors
2. antiplatelet agents that stop blood clots (eg. aspirin and warfarin) 3. Carotid endarterectomy |
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What antiplatelet agent do hospitals inject?
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Glycoprotein 2b/3a inhibitors
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What are the 3 main medications that prevent strokes?
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Aspirin, warfarin, and ticlopidine
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What do hospitals use to treat strokes after they occur, and how does that treatment work?
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Thrombolytic therapy. It's a tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) which is a clot-dissolving enzyme
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What's the primary cause of strokes? How do you test for it? What's the best treatment?
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Atrial fibrillation. Test with an ECG. Best treatment is a pacemaker.
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What's the best treatment for an aneurysm?
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Coiling - guiding a wire through the femoral vein and putting it into the aneurysm.
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What's the most common stroke, where does it occur, and why?
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Ischemic stroke at the middle cerebral artery, because it's the biggest and has the most amount of turbulent flow and is most likely to have atherosclerosis.
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What is the main course of arterial blood flow?
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Aorta > carotid > posterior, middle, and cerebral arteries (the basilar arteries supply blood to the posterior cerebral artery)
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What type of meningitis is most deadly, and what are its signs/symptoms?
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Bacterial meningitis, which displays a bad fever, terrible headache, and neck soreness.
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What cells make up the brain's immune system, and what theory says that it's affected by aging?
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Glial cells, and they're impacted by the telomere theory
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What are the two types of cell death, and on what timeline do they occur?
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Apoptosis, which occurs over days or weeks, and necrosis, which happens immediately.
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What do caspase and calpain do?
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Caspace is involved with apoptosis and calpain is involved with necrosis.
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What are the 3 places where calcium builds up during a stroke?
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1. Cytoplasm
2. ER 3. Mitochondria |
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What neurotransmitter causes a wave of excitation during a stroke, and what does it result in?
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Glutamate, which results in a huge calcium buildup.
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What does AGE stand for, and how does AGE form?
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Advanced Glycated Endproduct. This occurs through the Maillard reaction, where sugar and proteins bind nonenzymatically (forming an AGE).
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What are the molecular theories of aging?
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Codon restriction
Error catastrophe Gene regulation Somatic mutation |
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What is Werner's syndrome?
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An autosomal recessive disease that causes increased telomere attrition and elevated mutation levels
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What is Hutchinson-Gilford syndrome?
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A random point mutation occuring for the Lamin A gene, which inhibits the re-formation of the nuclear envelope after cell divison.
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What are LDLs particularly susceptible to?
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Oxidation by free radicals
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What is the process by which atherosclerotic plaques form?
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Macrophages identify oxidized LDL particles. They then stimulate the migration of smooth muscle cells (SMCs), which contribute to foam cell and fibrous cap formation. These die by apoptosis and leave cholesterol crystals that form the core of plaque.
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What effects do cortisol have?
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-Increased catabolism
-Decreased anabolism -Decreased sensitivity to insulin -Atherosclerosis -Immune suppression |
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What does DHEA do, and what happens to DHEA with aging?
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DHEA acts as a trophic factor in the brain, and it decreases with age.
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What does chronically high Ca2+ lead to?
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-Mitochondrial overload
-Caspase activation -Calpain activation |
