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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Motor Learning
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the PROCESS of DEVELOPING smooth and skillful execution of a movement
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Coordination & control
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2 terms used to DESCRIBE the skillful execution of movements to accomplish a goal
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Motor Control
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the study of movements and postures and the processes that underlie them
-Rose, 1997 |
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Coordination
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the patterning of body and limb motions RELATIVE to the patterning of the environmental objects and events
-Magill, 2001 |
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T or F
The ability to execute daily tasks with ease is compromised with age. |
True
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Motor learning
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a change in hte capability of a person to perform a skill that must be inferred from a relatively permanent improvement in performace as a result of practice or experience -Magil, 2001
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T/F
Older adults tend to rely more on vision to control movement. |
True
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Which is true?
Cutaneous sensation decreases w/ aging, speed and amplitude of vibrations are decreased w/ age, sensitivity is compromised w/ age. |
All are true.
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Visual and somatosensory systems deteriorate w/ aging affecting coordination and control, vary with each individual, rate of aging & integrity of compensatory strategies. T or F?
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True
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The ability of older people to detect motion of their limbs is significantly impaired when done at a slow speed but at fast speed the differences are minimal. T or F?
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True
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joint position sense in the joints of arms and legs does not markedly decline with aging. T or F?
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True
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Loss of cervical articular mechanoreceptor functions occurs indicating that perception of neck/head position grow LESS accurate with aging. T or F?
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True
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Declines in postural ability may result from conflicting sensory info or removing one or more of the sources of sensory input. T or F?
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True
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Information Processing theory
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1. multi-stage approach that relies on environmental input into the system
2. stages: sequential or parallel 3. testing reaction/movement time |
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dynamic system theory
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1) movement emerges from the interaction of many bodysystems
2) movement emerges from the interaction of the organism, environment and task 3) behavior is shaped by these components |
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Performance outcome (measures)
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describe the result of the performance: how long it takes to walk up flight of stairs or how far a ball is thrown
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Performance production (measures)
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quantify the behavior that produced the outcome
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kinematics
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branch of mechanics that describes movement without regard to force or mass ie displacement, velocity, acceleration;
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displacement
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descriptor of the body moving through space and time
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velocity
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rate of change in position over the change in time
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acceleration
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rate of change of velocity
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kinetics
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branch of mechanics that explains the cause of motion and is based on Newton's laws of Motion ie joint torque
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joint torque
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ex of a kinetic measure that describes forces involved in rotation of body segments about their jt axis
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Unimanual tasks
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1) requires just 1 limb or hand
2) focus is on eye-hand coordination w/n one side of the body |
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bimanual tasks
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1) require coordination of both limbs
2) focus is on the mechanisms by which the brain integrates sensory and motor info btw the 2 sides of the body |
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T o F?
Older adults are slower, take longer to reach peak velocity/acceleration, produce shorter 1º and longer 2º submovements, and are less smooth in their movements. |
True
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T o F?
In aiming tasks, older adults vs young adults, produce lower peak velocity/acc, & spent longer amount of time decelerating. |
True
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In reaching, grasping, & transporting, older adults...
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1. are similiar in teh type, accuracy and relative timing of movement components at PREFERRED speeds
2. accelerate the movement more slowly 3. spend a higher % of time in the deceleration phase |
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In reaching, grasping, & transporting, older adults...
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4. spend more time in hand-closing - grasping objects
5. transport objects slowly 6. are slower when higher accuracy is needed 7. displays these differences when the task needs max speed |
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Relative phase
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1. a measure commonly used to reflect coordination at the behavioral level
2. this measure reflects the difference in phase between the limbs |
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Older adults...
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1. prepare short movements less well than long movements
2. terminate bimanual tasks more asynchronously 3. mover more slowly |
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Older adults...
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4. maintain stability in bimanual performance at preferred speed, NOT at higher speed
5. have less difference btw their preferred and max speed 6. have greater difficulty shifting from preferred to new bimanual coordination patterns 7. take longer to switch from in-phase to anti-phase |
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saccadic fixation
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the ballistic movement of the eyeball that directs the eye to a target of interest
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T or F?
as people age they become more field dependent - less likely to detect signs and symbols in the "background" field of vision when driving |
True
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T or F?
Driving a vehicle requires: • perceptual acuity & vigilance • short & long term memory • motor programming • attention (selected and divided) - decline with age. |
True
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T or F?
Older adults take longer to sign their name on a check or write a letter to a friend |
true
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T or F?
age differences in movement varialbility appear to result from impaired spatial coordination of the wrist and fingers, not from an inability to control force |
True
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T or F?
2 common methods of assessing motor learning are retention and transfer tests. |
True
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retention test
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assesses an individual's ability to retain a skill over a period of time
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transfer test
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assesses the individuals ability to adapt a movement pattern learned in one context to a similar but related skill
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transfer
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the ability to adapt a movement pattern learned in one context to a similar but related skill or context
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T or F?
One way to facilitate learning of a novel skill is to provide augmented feedback. |
True
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Content-dependent feedback
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enhancement learning strategy to providing information specific to the task
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T or F?
A strategy for learning would be extensive practice. |
True
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T or F?
Anticipation, simplification and speed-accuracy trade off are compensatory strategies for loss of coordination. |
True
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Attention
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the mechanisms by which the CNS prepares to process stimuli and determines what to process and to what depth it should be processed
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What is important to older adults to reach their optimum performance?
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High MOTIVATION and appropriately provided REINFORCEMENT
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Anxiety
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state in which high levels of arousal occur from concerns about performance and the outcome of performance
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saccadic fixation
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the ballistic movement of the eyeball that directs the eye to a target of interest
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T or F?
as people age they become more field dependent - less likely to detect signs and symbols in the "background" field of vision when driving |
True
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T or F?
Driving a vehicle requires: • perceptual acuity & vigilance • short & long term memory • motor programming • attention (selected and divided) - decline with age. |
True
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T or F?
Older adults take longer to sign their name on a check or write a letter to a friend |
true
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T or F?
age differences in movement varialbility appear to result from impaired spatial coordination of the wrist and fingers, not from an inability to control force |
True
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T or F?
2 common methods of assessing motor learning are retention and transfer tests. |
True
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retention test
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assesses an individual's ability to retain a skill over a period of time
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transfer test
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assesses the individuals ability to adapt a movement pattern learned in one context to a similar but related skill
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transfer
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the ability to adapt a movement pattern learned in one context to a similar but related skill or context
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T or F?
One way to facilitate learning of a novel skill is to provide augmented feedback. |
True
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Content-dependent feedback
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enhancement learning strategy to providing information specific to the task
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T or F?
A strategy for learning would be extensive practice. |
True
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T or F?
Anticipation, simplification and speed-accuracy trade off are compensatory strategies for loss of coordination. |
True
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Attention
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the mechanisms by which the CNS prepares to process stimuli and determines what to process and to what depth it should be processed
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What is important to older adults to reach their optimum performance?
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High MOTIVATION and appropriately provided REINFORCEMENT
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Anxiety
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state in which high levels of arousal occur from concerns about performance and the outcome of performance
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