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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Wear and Tear Theory
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Because of continues trauma & use internal and external stressors increase the number of errors & speed at which they occur
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Cross Link Theory -
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Stiffening of proteins in cells
- Proteins link with glucose and other sugars - Collagen – found in skin, lungs, arteries and tendons |
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Free Radicals
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-Natural by-products of cellular activity
- In youth, naturally occurring vitamins, hormones, enzymes & antioxidants neutralize free radicals - Free radicals in cells cause random damage - Environmental polluant cause and increase in free radicals |
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Programmed (Nonstochastic) Theory
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-Biological Clock”
- each cell programmed with a limited number of replications |
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Neuroendocrine – Immunlogical Theory
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Programmed death of immune cells from damage causes by the increase of free radicals
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Epidermis
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-cell renewal time increases (up to 30 days for epithelial replacement
- inflammation delayed up to 72 hours - # of melanocytes decreases - overall lightening of the skin - decrease in UV protection -Areas of Melanin increase (Lentigines – age spots) |
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Dermis
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-Loses 20% of thickness (makes skin appear translucent and fraile
-Collagen synthesis decreases |
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Hypodermis
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- as fat decreases, so does thermoregulation
-reduces efficiency of eccrine (sweat) glands -sebacous glands decrease sebum production |
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Hair and Nails
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- Decreased estrogen/testosterone ratio causes facial hair to increase
- decreased water, Calcium and lipid content causes verticle nail ridges |
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Muscoskeletal
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- Ligaments, tendons and joints become dry, hardened and more rigid
- low bone mineral density diagnosed as osteoporosis |
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Cardiovascular
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Myocardial & blood vessel stiffening decreases responsiveness to changes
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Cardiac
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-Left ventricle wall thickens (as much as 50% by age 80)
- Left Atrium increases slightly in size -Decreased coronary artery blood flow, stroke volumes & cardiac output - Increased HR expected with pain, anxiety, febrile |
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Blood Vessels
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- Decreased elasticity & recoil
- Organ blood supply decreases - Peripheral resistance increases - decreased perfusion to liver and kidneys can slow metabolism of meds - Veins – stretched & valves less efficient can lead to lower extremity edema & DVT |
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Respiratory
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-Loss of elastic recoil, stiffening of the chest wall
- inefficient Gas Exchange - increased resistance to airflow -Loss of efficiency - inability to cough effectively -Respiratory Cilia are less effective - Increased residual volume |
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Renal
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-System responsible for maintaining water/salt and acid/base balance
-Blood flow through the kidneys is reduced by 10% - Urine Creatinine Clearance indicates ability to metabolize meds - decreased kidney size and function - decreased number of nephrons (by age 80, 50% decreased in nephron number) - decrease glomerular filtration rate |
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Endocrine
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Glands atrophy & reduced secretions
- effect not clear, except estrogen which causes menopause |
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Thyroid
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Diminished secretion of TSH, T3 and T4
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Male Reproduction
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- Testes atrophy and soften
- Prostatic enlargement |
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Mouth
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- Teeth lose enamel (more vulnerable to decay)
- Roots become brittle and break more easily - More susceptible to periodontal disease - Taste buds decline - Salivary secretions lessen - Xerostomia (dry mouth) |
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Esophagus
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Presyesophagus – contractions increase in frequency but lessen in coordination
-decreased esophageal spincer |
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Stomach
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- Decreased gastric motility
- decreased volume of bi-carb - decreased secretion of gastric mucus - Decreased production of intrinsic factor (leads to pernicious anemia) - Decreased stomach pH can lead to peptic ulcer - loss of smooth muscle delays emptying time |
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Intestines
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- Villi become softer and broader
- Nutrient absorption declines |
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Accessory Organs -
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decreased bile salt synthesis
- decreased hepatic extraction of LDL from blood |
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Central Nervous System -
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Dendrites appear to wear out
- # of Neurons decrease with correlating decrease in brain weight - Loss of deep sleep requires longer periods of sleep to compensate |
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Peripheral Nervous System
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Decreased tactile sensitivity
Decreased reaction times Decreased Proprioception (one’s position in space) |
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Ocular
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- decreased reabsorption of intraocular fluid which can increase intraocular pressure and glaucoma
-cornea becomes flatter, less , thicker, and duller in appearance resulting in far-sightedness - arcus senilis – silver ring around eye - light adjustment slowsdown in responsiveness of pupil and changes in lens - light scatterin, color perception decreases - intraocular – retina has less distinct margins - decrease number of rods |
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Intraocular
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-retina has a less distinct margin
- retina yellows - color clarity (esp. cool color) diminishes |
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Ear
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- Auditory canal narrows
- Stiffer, Coarse hair lines ear canal - Cerumen glands atrophy -Presbycusis (sensiorneural hearing loss) results from the degeneration of organ of corti and otic nearve loss |
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Immunity
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- Decrease in T cell Function
- Decreased response to forgien antigens - increased Immunoglobulins (causing autoimmuno response - prolonged inflammation response |
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Fluid Intelligence
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- native Intelligence
- skills that are biologically determined |
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Crystallized Intelligence
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Knowledge and abilities that are acquired through education and life experiences
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Three components of memory
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Immediate recall
Short term Long Term |
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Memory
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- Recall of newly encountered info declines with age
- decreased recall with complex tasks and strategies - Familiarity, previous learning and life experiences compenste for loss of efficiency |
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AAML
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Age Asociated Memory Loss
Normal |
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MCI
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Mild cognitive Impairment- Memory impairment beyond normal aging
- 50% of MCI pts develop dementia in three years |
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Health Literacy .
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- Degree to which individuals obtain, process and understand basic health information
- 5 grade levels lower than last school year completed |
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Factors that influence & health literacy
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- Basic literacy skills
- Culture - Previous health care experience |
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Activity Theory
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Attempted to predict and explain how individuals adjusted to age- related changes by looking at one’s level of activity and productivity
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Continuity Theory
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In the normal progression, personality traits remains stable
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Erikson
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Theorized predetermined order of development and specific tasks associated with specific period in one’s life course
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Havighurst
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Developmental tasks at middle age and later maturity
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Peck
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Expanded on the work of Erikson – trancendence
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Theory of Gerotranscendence -
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a high degree of life satidfaction
- midlife patterns and ideals are no longer prime motivators - complex and active coping patterns - a greater need for solitary philosophizing - social activities are not essential to well-being -decreased fear of death |
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Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs
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- Combines bio- psycho-social needs
- ranks from basic to self actualization |
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Cognition and aging
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Attention span
Concentration Intelligence Judgement Learning ability Memory Orientation Perception |
