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326 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What type of weathering is accomplished by physical forces that break rock into smaller and smaller pieces without changing the rock's mineral composition?
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mechanical weathering
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When water in cracks and joints freezes and expands the rock is broken into angular fragments. This process is known as _____ ________. (two words)
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frost wedging
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Stone Mountain, Georgia, and Half Dome in Yosemite National Park are excellent examples of ________ domes.
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exfolation
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______ weathering alters the internal structures of minerals by removing and/or adding elements.
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Chemical
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The general rounding of the corners and edges of angular blocks of rock is termed _____ _______. (two words)
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spheroidal weathering
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The downslope movement of rock, regolith, and soil under the direct influence of gravity is called _____ _______. (two words)
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mass wasting
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Loose particles assume a stable slope called the _____ __ ______ (3 words), the steepest angle at which material remains stable.
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angle of repose
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________ occurs when material usually saturated with water moves downslope as a viscous fluid.
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flow
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The most rapid form of mass wasting is termed a ___ _________ (two words).
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rock avalanche
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The downward slipping of a mass of rock or unconsolidated debris moving as a unit along a curved surface is called _________.
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slump
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Events along Wyoming's Gros Ventre River (1925) represent an excellent example of _________.
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rockslide
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Mudflows that occur on the slopes of some volcanoes are known as ______.
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lahars
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The destructive mudflows at Nevado del Ruiz in 1985 are also known by the Indonesian term _____.
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lahar
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The most important weathering process is what?
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unloading
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What are three facts about sheeting?
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-caused by unloading
-can produce exfoliation domes -commonly associated with large bodies of granite |
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In what kind of climate would chemical weathering be most effective? (temperature, moisture)
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in a warm, humid climate
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What are three examples of the products of chemical weathering of the mineral potassium (K) feldspar?
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silica, potassiu bicarbonate, and clay
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What sedimentary rock is composed of the most abundant product of chemical weathering?
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shale
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If granite and basalt outcropped in an area with a hot humid climate, what rock would weather faster, or both?
|
the basalt would weather quicker
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Which type of weathering would predominate...(if granite and basalt outcropped a hot and humid area)?
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chemical weathering
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What is one true fact about mechanical weathering and its effect on metamorphic rocks?
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it does not affect them
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The incorporation and transportation of material by water, wind, or ice describes the process of...?
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erosion
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When water freezes, does its volume increase or decrease?
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increase
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An accumulation of angular rock fragments at the base of a steep cliff is called?
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talus slope
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Which of the locations would frost wedging be most effective?
-Amazon Basin of Brazil -Chicago, Illinois -north (Arctic) coast of Alaska -frost wedging should be equally effective at all of these places |
Chicago, Illinois
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What factors influence the type and rate of weathering?
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-mineral content
-climate -presence of joints -topography |
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Bauxite has an ore of...
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aluminum
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Bauxite formation is associated with what?
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rainy, tropical climates
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What factors contributed to the Gros Ventre rockslide?
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-strata were dipping
-a layer of clay was present -there were heavy rains and melting snow |
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What terms describe what happens in a mass wasting event? (3 terms)
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fall, slide, flow
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What is the controlling force of mass wasting?
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gravity
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Solifluction is common during...?
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summer
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A rapid form of flowage that is common in dry regions is?
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mudflow
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Alternate wetting and drying or freezing and thawing leads to what?
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creep
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What occurs when a tongue of clay-rich material flows downslope in a humid region?
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earthflow
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True/False: Cleopatra's Needle, a granite obelisk moved to New York City from Egypt, illustrates that the rate of chemical weathering in New YOrk is much more rapid than in Egypt.
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True
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True/False: Cleopatra's Needle, a granite obelisk moved to New York City from Egypt, illustrates that granite weathers more rapidly in a dry climate.
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False
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True/False: Sheeting results from unloading
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true
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True/False: Sheeting most commonly affects large igneous masses composed of granite.
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true
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True/False: Sheeting is an especially important weathering process affecting thinly-bedded sedimentary rocks such as shale.
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False
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True/False: Chemical weathering is ineffective in polar regions.
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True
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True/False: Chemical weatheirng does not occur in arid regions.
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False
|
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True/False: Sheeting is a mechanical weathering process.
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True
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True/False: Thermal expansion is the most important process in the formation of an exfolation dome.
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False
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True/False: Quartz is very resistant to chemical weathering.
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True
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True/False: Clay minerals are a product of chemical weathering.
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True
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True/False: The order in which the silicate minerals chemically weather is opposite their order of crystallization.
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False
|
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True/False: Water is basic to all mass wasting processes.
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True
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True/False: Slump is an imperceptibly slow, downhill flow of soil.
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False
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True/False: Solifluction is definitely more common in Alaska than in Florida.
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True
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True/False: Mudflows are most common in semiarid mountainous regions.
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False
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True/False: Mudflows are equally common in humid and dry regions.
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True
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True/False: Gravity plays an important role in all mast wasting events.
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True
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True/False: The Gros Ventre slide of 1925 has recently been reclassified as a lahar.
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False
|
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True/False: Slump is the most rapid form of mass wasting.
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False
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True/False: Mass wasting has played an important role in forming the Grand Canyon.
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True
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True/False: Lahars occur in association with volcanoes.
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True
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True/False: Earthflows are most common in arid and semiarid regions.
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False
|
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True/False: The freezing and thawing of soil can produce a gradual downhill movement of material.
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True
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True/False: Mudflows that accur when layers of volcanic ash become saturated are termed solifluction lobes.
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False
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Another name for the Ice Age is:
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the Pleistocene epoch
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What are the glacial stages of the Ice Age in order from first to last?
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Nebraskan, Kansan, Illinoian, Wisconsinan
|
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How does an alpine glacier modify the valley through which it moves?
|
it straightens it
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What are three characteristics of continental glaciation moraines?
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-terminal moraine
-ground moraine -recessional moraine |
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What are three true facts about glacial deposits?
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-drift refers to any glacial deposit
-stratified drift is deposited by meltwater -erratics are rocks deposited by a glacier |
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What is a fiord?
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a drowned glacial trough
|
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Give one true fact about drumlins
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they are found in clusters (groups)
|
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If the steep side of a drumlin is on the northeast, it indicates that the glacier advanced from what direction?
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southwest
|
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what feature is created when two lateral moraines join?
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medial moraine
|
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During the most recent ice age, what percentage of the earth did glaciers cover?
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30%
|
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What are three indirect effects of glaciers?
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-extinction of organisms
-changes in river courses -formation of pluvial lakes |
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What percent of the earth's land surface is covered by ice sheets?
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10%
|
|
What are three glacial erosion effects or processes?
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-glacial striations
-plucking -abrasion |
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In North America, the greatest concentration of pluvial lakes existed in:
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the Basin and Range region of Utah and Nevada
|
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Who proposed the astronomical theory of the Ice Age climatic fluctuations?
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Milankovitch
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What three factors may have contributed to the climatic changes related to the Ice Age?
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-plate movement
-wobbling of the earth's axis -variations in the shape of the earth's orbit |
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A layer of till deposited as the front of a glacier retreats is called a(n):
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ground moraine
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What is a streamlined asymmetrical hill composed of till?
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drumlin
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A broad accumulation of stratified drift deposited adjacent to the downstream edge of an end moraine is a(n):
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outwash plain
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A long and narrow sinuous ridge composed of sand and gravel is:
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an esker
|
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How does wind transport sand grains?
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by saltation as part of the bed load
|
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Desert pavement is a result of:
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deflation
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The slip face of a particular barchan dune is on the southeast side. The prevailing wind in this area is from the:
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northeast
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Which stage of landscape evolution in a mountainous desert is relief greatest?
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early stage
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Inselbergs are:
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erosional remnants on an old age desert landscape
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Desert and steppe regions cover what fraction of the earth's land surface?
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1/3rd
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What percent of the desert's surface is covered by sand dunes?
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60%
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A wash is:
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a desert stream channel
|
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What are three types of wind erosion?
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-deflation
-blowout -slip face |
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Blowouts are most common in the: (it's a place)
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Great Plains
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What is a place that represents the late stage of the evolution of a mountainous desert landscape?
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southern Arizona
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How high can the surface can sand be carried during very strong winds?
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one meter
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Dunes whose tips point into the wind are:
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parabolic dunes
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Often form along coasts where strong winds create a blowout: (a type of dune)
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parabolic
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Solitary dunes whose tips point downwind are:
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barchan dunes
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Sand ridges oriented at right angles to the wind are:
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transverse dunes
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Long sand ridges that are pointed more or less parallel to the wind are:
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longitudinal dunes
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True/False: Even when the front of a glacier is retreating, the ice withing the glacier is advancing.
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True
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True/False: crevasses form in the zone of fracture.
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True
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True/False: When accumulation exceeds ablation, the front of the glacier advances.
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True
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True/False: Till is sediment deposited directly by a glacier.
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True
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True/False: Except for their relative positions, terminal and recessional moraines are essentially alike.
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True
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True/False: Melting is a form of ablation.
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True
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True/False: Glaciers cannot erode below sea level.
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False
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True/False: The Hudson Bay region has been gradually subsiding (sinking) since the close of the Ice Age.
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False
|
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True/False: The Pleistocene eopch is the only glacial period for which evidence exists.
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False
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True/False: Many scientists believe that the plate tectionics theory offers the best explanation for the alternation glacial and interglacial climates of the Ice Age.
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False
|
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True/False: Greenland's ice sheet is about equal in sizee to Antarctica's.
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False
|
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True/False: A cirque is the primary sone of ablation for alpine glaciers.
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False
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True/False: The coasts of Norway, Chile, and Alaska all exhibit fiords.
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True
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True/False: Sea level does not act as base level for glaciers.
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True
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True/False: Ice Age glaciers covered more lan din North America than in Siberia.
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True
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True/False: Louis Agassiz proposed the astronomical theory of Ice Age climatic fluctuations.
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False
|
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True/False: The Matterhorn is an excellent example of an arete.
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False
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True/False: Fiords are found exclusively along the coast of Norway.
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False
|
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True/False: All of Wisconsin is characterized by relatively thick glacial deposits.
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False
|
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True/False: Moraines are the only glacial deposits composed of till.
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False
|
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True/False: Running water is the most important erosional agent in arid regions.
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True
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True/False: The geological processes (forces) operating in deserts are quite different than those operating in humid regions.
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False
|
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True/False: Loess deposits are more blanket-like whereas deposits of wind-blown sand are more commonly in the form of mounds or ridges.
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True
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True/False: Arid and semiarid climates cover nearly one-third of the earht's land surface.
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True
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True/False: The Basin and Range region of the western US is an excellent example of a mountainous desert landscape.
|
True
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True/False: A playa is a dry, flat lake bed on the floor of a desert basin.
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True
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True/False: The Colorado River is an example of a large wash.
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False
|
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True/False: Loess deposits usually take the form of dunes.
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False
|
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True/False: Except for some scattered accumulations in Alaska, loess deposits are not present in the US.
|
False
|
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True/False: Blowouts are shallow depressions caused by deflation.
|
True
|
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True/False: Desert pavement results from deflation.
|
True
|
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True/False: Desert pavement protects a surface from deflation.
|
True
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True/False: The windward slope of a sand dune is known is a slip face.
|
False
|
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True/False: The famous Navajo Sandstone exposed in Zion National Park shows excellent cross bedding.
|
True
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True/False: Longitudinal dunes are oriented at right angles to the prevailing wind whereas transverse dunes are more or less parallel to the prevailing wind.
|
False
|
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True/False: THe predominant particle size in loess deposits is silt.
|
True
|
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The upper 50 meters or so of a glacier consists of brittle ice that often exhibits cracks called ______.
|
crevasses
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The upper 50 meters or so of a glacier is britlle and referred to as the zone of ______.
|
fracture
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The general term for the wastage of glacial ice is __________.
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ablation
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Glaciers erode on the land and primarily in two ways. List these two processes.
|
abrasion and plucking
|
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Bridalveil Falls in Yosemite National Park cascades a feature called a ________ _________. (two words)
|
hanging valley
|
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The bowl-shaped depressions at the head of glaciated valleys are termed _______.
|
cirques
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The word ____ is an all-embracing term for sediments of glacial origin.
|
drift
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Glacial deposits are divided into two distinct types: ______ and ___________ _________. (three words, but two terms)
|
till, stratified drift
|
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An _____ ________ is a ridge of till that forms at the terminus of both alpine and continental glaciers. (two words)
|
end moraine
|
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A gently rolling layer of till laid down as the front of a glacier retreats is termed _______ _________. (two words)
|
ground moraine
|
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Smooth, elongate hills composed of till called __________ have a steeper slope that faces the direction of glacial ice advance.
|
drumlins
|
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Depressions called ______ are found when a block of stagnant ice becomes buried in drift and then melts.
|
kettles
|
|
Most of the recent Ice Age occurred during the __________ epoch.
|
Pleistocene
|
|
Desert stream courses, which are usually dry, are known as ________.
|
washes
|
|
The lifting and removal of loose material by wind is called ________.
|
deflation
|
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The main factor that controls the depth of a blowout is ____ _________. (two words)
|
water table
|
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As deflation lowers the surface by removing sand and silt, eventually a continuous cover of coarse particles known as ________ _________ remains. (two words)
|
desert pavement
|
|
The leeward slope of a dune, called the ________ ________, maintains an angle of about thirty-four degrees.
|
slip face
|
|
The sloping layers within a sand dune are called ____ ____. (two words)
|
cross bed
|
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What are four basic dune types?
|
barchan, transverse, longitudinal, and parabolic
|
|
Dunes whose tips point into the wind are ________ dunes.
|
parabolic
|
|
Deposits of windblown silt are known as _____.
|
loess
|
|
What is the source of the energy that radiates in all directions from an earthquake?
|
focus
|
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An earthquake with a magnitude of 6.5 on the Richter scale releases about ____ times more energy than one with a magnitude of 5.5.
|
30
|
|
What is the term used to describe what occurs to produce an earthquake?
|
elastic rebound
|
|
The Mercalli scale rates earthquake intensity by determining:
|
the amount of damage to structures
|
|
The amount of destruction caused by earthquake vibrations is affected by:(three factors)
|
-the design structures
-the intensity and duration of the vibrations -the nature of the surface |
|
The method of using a seismograph to establish the strength of earthquakes wasd developed by:
|
Charles Richter
|
|
Major earthquakes are often followed by somewhat smaller events known as:
|
aftershocks
|
|
The instrument which records earthquake events is termed a:
|
seismograph
|
|
Most strong earthquakes occur in a zone known as the:
|
circum-pacific belt
|
|
What is the type of measurement used to describe the quantity of energy released by an earthquake
|
magnitude
|
|
The position on the earth's surface directly above the earthquake source is called:
|
epicenter
|
|
The mechanism by which rocks store and eventually release energy in the form of an earthquake is termed:
|
elastic rebound
|
|
The study of seismology dates back to when?
|
the ancient chinese
|
|
The principle of the seismograph is based on:
|
the inertia of a suspended mass
|
|
What seismic wave is the most destructive overall?
|
surface waves
|
|
An increase of one unit of magnitude on the Richter scale equates to about a:
|
30-fold increase in energy
|
|
What seismic wave travels the most rapidly?
|
P waves (primary)
|
|
At 6.5 Richter magnitude earthquake releases _____ times more energy than a 4.5 Richter magnitude earthquake.
|
900
|
|
Considering its distance from the source of the September 19, 1985 earthquake, Mexico City was damaged more than might be expected because:
|
the unconsolidated sediments on which the city was built intensified the vibrations
|
|
Following the 1964 Alaskan earthquake, much of the destruction was attributed to:
|
numerous ground failures and landslides
|
|
What are two names that are the correct term for the succession of ocean waves set in motion by a submarine earthquake called?
|
tsunami or seismic sea waves
|
|
The distance between a seismological recording station and the earthquake source is determined from what?
|
the arrival time of P and S waves
|
|
The record obtained from seismic instruments of an earthquake is called:
|
seismogram
|
|
The slow continual movement which occurs along some fault zones is termed:
|
creep
|
|
Most of our knowledge about the earth's interior comes from:
|
seismic waves
|
|
The discovery of the shadow zone provided evidence for what?
|
the existence of a core.
|
|
The dense core of the earth is thought to consist mostly of:
|
iron
|
|
The thinnest layer of the earth is the:
|
crust
|
|
S waves are not transmitted through this layer.
|
inner core
|
|
The densest layer of the earth is the:
|
inner core
|
|
The lithosphere is defined as:
|
a rigid layer of crustal and mantle material
|
|
The Moho is the boundary between the: (two layers it is the boundary between)
|
mantle and crust
|
|
The average composition of the upper mantle is thought ot approximate that of:
|
peridotite
|
|
The average composition of the oceanic crust is thought to approximate that of:
|
basalt
|
|
The average composition of the continental crust most closely approximate that of:
|
granite
|
|
The astenosphere is located:
|
in the upper mantle
|
|
True/False: Since San Francisco has already experienced a very destructive earthquake (1906), it is not likely to experience another.
|
False
|
|
True/False: During the 1964 Alaskan earhtquake, structures which has been built to conform to the earthquake provisions of the Uniform Housing Code of California went undamaged.
|
False
|
|
True/False: Seismographs can only detect earthquakes within 500 miles of the instrument.
|
False
|
|
True/False: During the 1964 Alaskan earthquake, landslides and ground subsidence probably caused more damage to buildings than was caused directly by the vibrations of the earth.
|
True
|
|
True/False: The adjustments which follow a major earthquake often generate small earthquakes called foreshocks.
|
False
|
|
True/False: The epicenter is the location on the earth's surface directly above the focus.
|
True
|
|
True/False: An increase of one on the Richter scale corresponds to a tenfold increase in the amplitude of surface waves.
|
false
|
|
True/False: An earthquake is the vibration of the earth produced by the rapid release of energy.
|
True
|
|
True/False: The energy released during an earthquake can be detected for at most a few minutes.
|
False
|
|
True/False: Most major earthquakes are followed by smaller tremors, some of which can be destructive to already weakened structures.
|
True
|
|
True/False: When examining a typical seismic record, we expect to find surface waves arriving before body waves.
|
False
|
|
True/False: S waves can only travel through a solid medium.
|
True
|
|
True/False: P waves can travel through solids, liquids, and gases.
|
True
|
|
True/False: Travel-time graphs are used to determine the distances to earthquakes.
|
True
|
|
True/False: A total of 1,000 earthquakes are estimated to occur worldwide each year.
|
False
|
|
True/False: All of the major earthquakes in the United States have occurred in coastal regions.
|
False
|
|
True/False: It is now possible for seismologists to predict an earthquake to withing a few weeks or at most a few months of its occurrence.
|
False
|
|
True/False: Faults which are not experiencing active creep are considered safe.
|
False
|
|
True/False: Generally speaking, brick structures are far more resistant to earthquake damage than are wood frame buildings.
|
False
|
|
True/False: During the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, much of the destruction was caused by fires which ran unchecked because of damaged water lines.
|
True
|
|
True/False: There are several reliable methods of short-range earthquake prediction.
|
False
|
|
True/False: The outer core is solid and the inner core behaves as a liquid.
|
False
|
|
True/False: The continental crust is much thicker than the oceanic crust.
|
True
|
|
True/False: Most of our knowledge about the earth's interior comes from deep-sea drilling.
|
False
|
|
True/False: Continental rocks are very similar in composition (mineral make-up) to ocean rocks.
|
False
|
|
True/False: The Moho is a boundary which seperates the mantle and crust.
|
True
|
|
True/False: The lithosphere is a plastic layer located in the mantle.
|
False
|
|
True/False: The composition of the upper mantle is thought to approximate that of the rock peridotite.
|
True
|
|
True/False: The oceanic crust has a composition similar to the rock basalt.
|
True
|
|
The mechanism of earthquake generation was discovered by ______ following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake.
|
Reid
|
|
Earthquakes frequently are associated with large fractures in the earth called ______.
|
faults
|
|
The source of an earthquake is known as the ______.
|
focus
|
|
The position at the earth's surface directly above the earthquake source is called the ________.
|
epicenter
|
|
The mechanism by which rocks store and eventually release energy to produce an earthquake is termed _____ ________. (two words)
|
elastic rebound
|
|
The greatest frequency of large earthquakes occur along a relatively narrow zone known as the ______ _________ ______. (three words)
|
circum-pacific belt
|
|
An earthquake is the vibration of the earth produced by the rapid release of ________.
|
energy
|
|
Which type of body wave can be transmitted through solids but not fluids?
|
S waves
|
|
The slow continual movement which occurs along some fault zones is termed _________.
|
creep
|
|
Seismic sea waves are also known by the Japanese name ________.
|
Tsunami
|
|
The method by which seismographs are used to determine the magnitude of an earthquake was developed by _________.
|
Richter
|
|
Major earthquakes are preceded by smaller seismic events known as ______.
|
foreshocks
|
|
The instrument used to record the vibrations generated by earthquakes is called a(n) ____________.
|
seismograph
|
|
The energy released by an earthquake is a measurment referred to as _________.
|
magnitude
|
|
The principle of a seismograph is based on the ___________ of a suspended mass.
|
inertia
|
|
Most of the destruction produced by earthquakes is associated with ______ waves.
|
surface
|
|
An increase of one unit of magnitude on the Richter scale means that the release of energy will be ____ times greater.
|
30
|
|
In addition to damage caused by vibrations, many buildings in San Francisco were destroyed during the 1906 earthquake by ____.
|
fire
|
|
The most voluminous layer of the earth is the _______.
|
mantle
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The rigid layer of the earth which consists of the crust and uppermost mantle is termed the ________.
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lithosphere
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Which of the major subdivisions of the earht's interior is thought to be liquid?
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outer core
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List the major subdivisions of the earth's interior.
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crust, mantle, outer core and inner core
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The thinnest layer of the earth is the _______.
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crust
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The mobile layer of the earth located directly below the lithosphere is the ____________.
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asthenosphere
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The mineral composition of the oceanic crust is similar to the rock ________.
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basalt
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The dense core of the earth is thought to consist predominantly of _____.
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iron
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The boundary between the crust and the mantle is called the ________.
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Moho
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The man who pioneered the continental drift hypothesis was:
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Alfred Wegener
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Pangaea:
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is the name of a supercontinent
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The asthenosphere is the source of what at divergent boundaries?
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magma
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Geomagnetic reversals provided what?
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evidence for sea-floor spreading
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Plates move apart leaving a gap at:
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divergent plate boundaries
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Plates move together along:
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convergent plate boundaries
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New oceanic crust forms at:
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divergent plate boundaries
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Plates slide past one another at:
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transform fault boundaries
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Oceanic crust is destroyed along:
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convergent plate boundaries
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Oceanic crust is neither created nore destroyed along this type of boundary:
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transform fault boundary
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Island arcs are associated with: (be specific)
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convergent (oceanic-oceanic) boundaries
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The Red Sea was formed along a:
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divergent boundary
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Mount St. Helens is associated with a:
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convergent (oceanic-continental) boundary
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The Himalaya Mountains were produced along a:
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convergent (continental-continental boundary)
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San Andreas Fault exemplifies this type of boundary.
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transform fault boundary
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Iceland is located along:
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divergent boundary
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Japan is associated with this type of plate boundary.
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convergent (oceanic-continental) boundary
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The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is an example of a:
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divergent boundary
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The Aleutian Islands are the result of plate interaction at which type of plate boundary?
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convergent (oceanic-oceanic) boundary
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The African rift valleys are assocaited with a:
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divergent boundary
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The Andes mountains were generated at a:
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convergent (oceanic-continental) boundary
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Convergent boundaries are zones where plates:
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move together, causing one to go beneath the other
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Divergent boundaries are zones where plates:
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move apart
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It was learned from the Deep Sea Drilling Project that the oceans are:
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oldest adjacent to the continents and youngest at the ridges
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The continents fit together best in the Pangaea configuration when:
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the outer edges of the continental shelves are matched
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Wegener's suggestion that tidal forces might cause continental drift was shown untenable when:
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the tidal forces required to move the continents would stop the earth's rotation in a matter of years.
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Late Paleozoic continental glaciation provided important evidence favoring continental drift. This evidence was gathered from:
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South America, Africa, Antarctica, and India
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The true margin of a continent is:
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the outer edge of the continental shelf
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The island of Hawaii experiences volcanism because it is located:
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above a hot spot
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If you wanted to draw the boundaries of active lithospheric plates on a globe which would give you the most complete information?
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a map showing earthquake distribution
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The asthenosphere permits...
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plate motion
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The pattern of magnetic anomalies on the sea floor most resemble:
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stripes on a zebra
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When a dep oceanic trench is located adjacent to a continent, we would likely find active volcanoes where?
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landward from the trench
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The Hawaiian are located where the Pacific Plate is:
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migrating over a hot spot
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Hot spots are believed to originate:
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as columns of hot material rising through the deep mantle
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The geographic destribution of Mesosaurus, a small swimming reptile that lived during the late Paleozoic, provides evidence that
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South America and Africa were once joined
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Lithospheric plates are about how many kilometers thick?
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100km thick
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Deep ocean trenches are assocaited with:
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subduction zones
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The enrgy that causes plates to move is derived from:
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the earth's internal heat
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If the earth's magnetic field did not occasionally reverse polarity:
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the sea floor would not produce magnetic stripes
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In the plate tectonics model, the earth's outer shell consists of about _____ individual plates.
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20
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Much of the evidence in support of plate tectonics has come from:
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the Deep Sea Drilling Project
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How did the opponents of the continental drift hypothesis account for the existence of similar life forms on widely seperated landmasses?
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migration across land bridges
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Alfred Wegener's now famous book was first titled:
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The Origin of Continents and Oceans
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How many years passed from the time continental drift was first formally proposed until the concept was widely accepted?
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about 50
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When an iron-bearing mineral is heated above a certain temp, it loses its magnetism. This temperature is about: (in degrees Celsius)
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580 degrees Celsius
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When a rock is heated above a certain temperature is called the ____, it looses its magnetism.
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Curie point
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Subduction zones are assocaited with:
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convergent plate boundaries
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Most of the world's deep ocean trenches are located within the:
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Pacific Ocean
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True/False: The continents are older than the ocean basins.
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True
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True/False: Since oceanic crust is continually being produced, the size of the earth is increasing.
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False
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True/False: The island of Hawaii is the youngest of the Hawaiian Islands.
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True
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True/False: The oldest rocks in the ocean are near the mid-ocean ridges.
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False
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True/False: Measurements indicate that the west coast of Africa and the east coast of South America are getting closer together.
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False
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True/False: Continental crust is less dense than oceanic crust.
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True
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True/False: Sediments get thicker with increasing distance away from the mid-ocean ridges.
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True
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True/False: Periodically, the earth's magnetic field reverses, that is the northa nd south magnetic poles switch polarity.
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True
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True/False: The rate of the sea floor spreading avergaes about one meter (3 feet) per year.
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False
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True/False: A major criticism paleomagnetism indicate the direct of the magnetic poles at the time the rocks crystallized.
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True
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True/False: The positions of the magnetic poles correspond closely to the positions of the geographic poles.
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True
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True/False: Geomagnetic reversals represent a source of information on the rate of sea-floor spreading.
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True
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True/False: The information gathered by the Deep Sea Drilling Project was used to refute several important aspects of the plate tectonics theory.
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False
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True/False: The Himalayan Mountains were produced by a collision of India with Asia about 40 million years ago.
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True
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True/False: Iceland is located upon the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
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True
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True/False: Wegener erroneously concluded that the glacial moraines of Europe matched up with similar features in North America.
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True
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True/False: The island of Hawaii experiences volcanism because it is located above the Mid-Pacific Ridge.
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False
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Instruments which measure the earth's magnetic field are called __________.
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magnometer
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The earth's present magnetic field is said to possess ______ polarity.
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normal
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At numerous times in the past of the earth possess a magnetic field opposite of that observed today. Rocks which exhibit this magnetism are said to have _____ polarity.
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reverse
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The vessel that operated during hte 1970's and early 1980's as part of the Deep Sea Drilling Project to provide evidence for plate tectonics was called the ________ ____________ (two words)
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Glomar Challenger
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The true nature of transform faults was provided by ____ _____ (two words).
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Tuzo Wilson
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What type of lava flow has a surface of rough, jagged blocks and sharp, angular projections?
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aa lava flow
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What is the most abundant gas associated with volcanic activity?
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water vapor
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In 1902, the town of St. Pierre was destroyed and its population of 28,000 killed because of:
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an avalanche of incandescent volcanic ash and dust
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Cinder cones:
-have very steep slopes -are usually less than 300 meters high -frequently occur in groups -consist largely of pyroclastics -all of the above |
-all of the above
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THe most violent activity is associated with:(what type of volcano?)
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composite cones
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The Columbia Plateau in the northwestern US is an excellent example of:
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flood basalts
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The oceanic ridge system is the major site of:
-spreading center volcanism -formation of magma by partial melting of mantle rocks -formation of basaltic magma -all of the above |
all of the above
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Kilauea is an example of a:
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shield volcano
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