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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What important position did Howell Cobb hold during the negotiations for a compromise in 1849-1850?
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a moderate position
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What position did Georgia take regarding the Compromise of 1850?
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acceptance of the compromise and overwhelmingly pro-Union
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What did the South gain with the Compromise of 1850?
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a tougher new fugitive slave law and popular sovereignty, thus allowing the people of a territory to decide the issue of slavery.
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Explain the origins of the Georgia Platform. What did it state? Why is it significant?
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It was written by Charles J. Jenkins. It stated to abide by the compromise as long as the North also fulfilled the major points of the compromise.
Georgia's acceptance of the compromise weakened the secessionist movement throughout the South. |
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How had Georgia changed between 1850-1860?
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the events of the 1850s strengthened the radical, fire-eater position throughout the South and in Georgia. They strengthen the state defenses for the war. Georgia became the fifth southern state to secede.
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Who was Joseph Brown? How did he convince non slave holders that they had an interest in maintaining and protecting slavery?
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He was Governor of Georgia. He warn of racial equality and race mixing as well as job competition, he explained that small white farmers would have to pay for emancipation through taxation
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Which Georgian ran on Stephen Douglas’ presidential ticket in 1860?
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Herschel V. Johnson for Vice President
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In what ways did the Confederate Constitution differ from the US Constitution?
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It limited the power of the central government and expressly prohibited the Confederate Congress from abolishing slavery
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In what ways did Georgia serve the Confederacy?
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manpower, money and supplies, the Augusta Powder Works was the largest powder mill in the world. Four of the Confederacy's eight largest arsenals were in Georgia. Atlanta served as the depot center of the Confederacy
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What important roles did Georgians hold in the Confederate government? List individuals and offices held.
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Lt. General William Joseph Hardee
Maj. General William Henry Talbot Walker Major General Joseph Wheeler |
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What did Joseph Brown do during the Civil War?
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Governor Brown called for peace. He opposed the army's impressments of goods and especially slave laborers. He established a mini–welfare system with officials
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What type of fighting occurred in Georgia between 1861-1863?
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coastal Georgia experienced several raids and continuous gunboat skirmishing
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Where was the first major engagement fought in Georgia in 1863? Which side won the battle?
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the Battle of Chickamauga and the Confederates were victorious
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What Union general is credited with capturing Atlanta?
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General William T. Sherman
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Why was the fall of Atlanta so significant?
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it was the hub of the southern railroad system and the timing of Atlanta's fall insured that Abraham Lincoln would be reelected president
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How did Savannah avoid meeting the same fate as Atlanta and much of Georgia?
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Savannah peacefully surrendered
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How did former slaves define their freedom?
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Reuniting families, moving to the city and the protection of Union military forces.
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What responsibilities did the Freedmen’s Bureau have?
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to assist former slaves in various capacities, including providing food and shelter, finding jobs, establishing hospitals and schools.
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What was the difference between Presidential and Congressional reconstruction?
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presidential reconstruction was a relatively mild process for recognizing Southern state governments and returning them to the Union.
when the Reconstruction was passed from President Johnson to Congress they impose greater restrictions on the South |
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Why did Congressional reconstruction occur?
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The election of former Confederates, the passage of black codes, and increasing acts of intimidation caused a change in the control and nature of Reconstruction.
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What was the goal of the Black Codes?
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to keep freedmen in a condition as close to slavery as possible.
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Why was the capital of Georgia moved to Atlanta?
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Because the capitol Milledgeville hotels refused to house African Americans coming to the convention to write a new constitution.
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What groups made up the Republican coalition?
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African Americans, white businessmen
carpetbaggers, and small white farmers from northern mountain counties |
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Name significant individuals in the Republican coalition.
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Joseph Brown
Rufus Bullock Henry McNeal Turner |
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How did Georgians justify African American expulsion from the General Assembly in 1868?
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While the Constitution of 1868 gave African Americans the right to vote, it did not explicitly give them the right to hold office.
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Why did Georgia undergo a third reconstruction?
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Camilla Massacre
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How did the shortage of currency lead to sharecropping?
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Initially the goal was to establish a cash wage labor system. However, the shortage of hard currency made paying cash wages impossible. Sharecropping was in part a compromise between freedmen who desired landownership and planters who needed cheap labor. The laborer was provided a plot of land to cultivate. At harvest time, he was to receive a share of the proceeds from the sale of the crop--usually one third.
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82. What does the term “solid south” mean?
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one party political system in the South
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Which political party was most dominant in the South?
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the Democratic party controlled southern politics
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Who wanted to replace the Constitution of 1868? Why?
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Georgia's political leaders called Bourbons wanted to eliminate many of the symbols they linked to Republicans and Reconstruction.
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Describe the basic characteristics of the Constitution of 1877.
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extreme conservatism and anti-industry/business restrictions. The framers sought to retain power in the hands of rural counties at the expense of urban ones.
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What was the purpose of the County Unit System?
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insured that rural counties would be able to control the General Assembly in spite of urban population growth.
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What was Henry Grady’s vision of a New South?
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sectional reconciliation and political stability, the South accepted the postwar racial settlement
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How did Grady attempt to attract northern investment? Was it successful?
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He told northern businessmen that the war was over, slavery was over, and that southerners were working hard to build up the region economically and were willing to put their resentment behind them. Atlanta advertised itself as the gateway to the South. The numerous promises offered by the New South program were never fulfilled
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What obstacles did farmers face in the late nineteenth century?
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their farms in ruin
timing and world market conditions also injured farmers: the price of cotton was falling, in part due to overproduction; the price of supplies was increasing; currency was deflated (not enough in circulation); and railroads were increasing their freight rates. |
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What solutions did 19th century farmers develop?
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Using this crop lien, farmers mortgaged their land on their future crops. They signed contracts, which required them to pay the lender once they sold the crop.
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Why did some Alliance men decide to join the People’s Party?
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"Alliance Legislature" , failed to meet expectations
convinced that they could not succeed through the Democratic party they formed People's Party, more commonly called the Populist Party. |
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Who was Georgia’s most prominent Populist?
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Thomas Watson
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What perceived threat did Populism represent to conservative white Georgians?
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to split Georgia's white vote
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Describe the process of segregation in the South.
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Early segregation was neither uniform nor absolute. After 1890, municipalities passed laws requiring segregated facilities. After the turn of the century, segregation became even more overt and systematic with separate entrances
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Which of the following best describes the impact of Plessy v. Ferguson?
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that separate railroad cars and facilities did not violate the Constitution as long as the facilities were equal.
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What violence did African Americans face?
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lynchings and race riots
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How did Georgia prevent African Americans from voting?
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poll taxes, literacy tests, early registration requirements, and the white primary (an election open to whites only).
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What occurred during the 1906 gubernatorial campaign?
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rumors of assaults on white women by black men. Both candidates for governor, Clark Howell and Hoke Smith, exploited racial scares. In September, young white men took matters into their own hands and attacked African American communities within the city.
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What was Booker T. Washington’s message in his “Atlanta Compromise” speech?
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a message of accommodation, black self-help and
economic self-sufficiency |
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What was Georgia’s position on prohibition?
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supported reforms and the first southern state to enact prohibition
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Prior to the 20th century, what type of school system existed and why?
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common school system
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When did Georgia get increased funding for education? Who was responsible for this?
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In 1906, the Georgia General Assembly approved a thirty percent increase in educational appropriations and high schools were added to the state funding system.
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What was Georgia’s record on child labor?
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By 1920, Georgia had more working children than any other state in the nation
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Name and explain the accomplishments of women during the Progressive era.
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In 1912, Savannah native Juliette Gordon Low established the Girl Scouts. University of Georgia had granted women full admission to its undergraduate programs. In 1922, Georgia appointed the first female U.S. Senator--Rebecca Latimer Felton,
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Who was Leo Frank?
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the Jewish manager of a pencil factory plant in Atlanta.
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what was Leo Frank accused of?
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The murdur of Mary Phagan, a 13 year old factory worker.
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What happened to Leo Frank?
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He was hanged by the Knights of Mary Phagan, men from Phagan's hometown of Marietta.
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How did the Ku Klux Klan of 1915 differ from the Ku Klux Klan of Reconstruction?
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Much like the KKK of 1915 it maintained its racial stance against African Americans, in addition they showed opposition to Jews, Catholics, and foreigners. It became such a force in state politics across the South and West
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What is significant about Richard Russell?
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The first governor who had to deal with the disastrous effects of the depression, the youngest Georgia governor and he reorganized government and made it more efficient
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What was the Great Migration?
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The movement of African Americans out of the South
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What were some negative consequences of economic progress?
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Georgia's farm population fell by over 350,000.
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How did Eugene Talmadge deal with the Textile Strike in 1934?
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He called out the national guard and arrested strike leaders.
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What obstacles did the New Deal face in Georgia?
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Talmadge opposed much of the federal government's New Deal program, including minimum wages and agricultural price supports.
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What impact did the Agricultural Adjustment Act have in Georgia - positive and negative, intended and unintended?
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it took aim at one of the major problems with agricultural--overproduction. Essentially, the AAA subsidized farmers for reducing their cotton crops and increasing the price of cotton. It eliminated the need for sharecroppers and tenants, began the transformation of Georgia's agricultural economy, increased mechanization and further reduced the need for manual laborers
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Who was responsible for the Little New Deal?
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Governor E.D. Rivers
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What did Eugene Talmadge do that led to the election of Ellis Arnall?
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continued opposition to the New Deal
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How did World War II effect Georgia’s economy?
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generated thousands of new jobs
increased the employment of both women and minorities. Income increased along with new job creation. increased the process of migration from rural areas to the cities. |
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What were some of the more important Georgia military contributions?
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Georgia had the second largest number of military bases in the nation
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What were the significant industries which contributed to the war effort?
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Bell Aircraft Corporation, military bases and shipyards
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How did changes in the state’s economy effect its population?
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the population of most rural counties in Georgia declined while the population of the state's urban counties increased.
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What was the Two Governors Controversy? Who benefited the most?
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Eugene Talmadge vs. Ellis Arnall. Accreditation of Georgia's colleges. Ellis Arnall won the governorship because he campaigned on the promise that he would remove the University System from the political whims of the governor
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Characterize Ellis Arnall’s achievements as governor.
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Georgia's colleges and universities once again received accreditation, a major revision of the Constitution of 1877, elimination of the chain gang, and reform of the prison system. Georgia became the first state to grant eighteen year olds the right to vote.
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Why was World War II an important turning point in the Civil Rights Movement?
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African Americans joined to fight against Germany and Japan, integration the armed forces and specifically the increase in manufacturing jobs and the urbanization of the population, aided the progress of civil rights.
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What specific forms of discrimination did the NAACP challenge?
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victims of racial oppression. the organization focused on challenging the institution of separate but equal by proving that separate was not equal.
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What was Georgia’s first reaction to Brown v. Board of Education?
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Georgia's governor and the General Assembly prepared to close its schools rather than submit to integration.
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What was HOPE? What was its purpose?
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HOPE: Help Our Public Education
keeping schools open for their children. |
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What was the role of the Sibley Committee?
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to study the school situation, hold hearings, take testimony across the state and provide recommendations
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How did the various civil rights groups help bring out change? Success?
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by increased activism on the part of the federal government. Yes, The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited racial discrimination in public facilities. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 committed the federal government to provide federal examiners in counties with histories of discrimination.
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Why did Georgia get rid of the County Unit System? What effect did this have on the political system?
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Gray v. Sanders, the US Supreme Court declared the county-unit system unconstitutional.
gubernatorial election was held on the basis of popular vote |
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How did Jimmy Carter attempt to end the debate on race? Did it?
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Carter stressed reform over racism. His stance on race also enhanced Georgia's national image.
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Characterize Lester Maddox? What progress was achieved while he was governor?
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restaurant owner and outspoken segregationist
Maddox's election reinforce Georgia's national image as a backwater of racists and rednecks. He did not roll back Civil Rights reforms, he increased educational funding and gave teachers substantial raises. |
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When did the Republican party become a significant factor in Georgia? Why?
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After Roy Barnes changed the Georgia flag in 2001. Sonny Perdue, the first Republican governor and
he had the flag changed to something similar to Georgia's pre-1956 flag. |
