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232 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Cuesta
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A sloping plain, especially one with the upper end at the crest
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Define Hogback
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An eroded, steeply tilted ridge of risistant rocks (related to Cuesta) usually in dry areas
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Define Butte
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A narrow flat topped hill of resistant rock with very steep sides.
Formerly a mesa |
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Mesa
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Larger than a butte, isolated relatively flat topped natural elevation
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gullies
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a landform created by running water eroding sharply into the soil. Larger than rills
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rill
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Small channel eroded into the surface by surface runnoff
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Sulfur domes and salt domes are located where?
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in submarine zones....show oil?
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dolomite
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sedimentary rock consisting mainly of the mineral dolomite
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Pathelasia
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Water around Pangea?
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define scarp
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"escarpment" a steep cliff or steep slope formed either as a result of faulting or by the erosion of inclined rock strata
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Obsequent fault
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"downthrust/reverse...the direction of scarp is opposite the fault"
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strike and dip define
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refer to the orientation of a geologic feature
strike is parallel to direction of strike...dip is down |
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piedmont
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plateau region agacent to mountains
Clay soils |
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alluvial fan
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a low outspread sloping mass of alluviam deposited by a stream. Usually in arid or semiarid regions
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playa
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Very flat dry lake bed of hard mud-cracked clay
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resciquent fault
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The thrust is pushed up...normal?
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define batholith
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a large body of igneous rock usually gradite that has beed exposed by erosion of overlying rock. Largest of intrusive igneous bodies
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dike
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a tabular intrusive rock that cuts vertically through other strata
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laccolith
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a large concordant igneious intrusion that has arched up the strata...shallowly composed Mushroom shaped
lacking definition |
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sill
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a sill is a tabular pluton that has intruded between older layers of sedimentary rock, beds of volcanic lava or tuff, or even along the direction of foliation in metamorphic rock. Horizontal
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continental shelf
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The shelf usually ends at a point of increasing slope. gently sloping underwater land that extends from the coast to about 200 meters in depth.
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ejecta
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Material blasted out of a crater during an impact is called ejecta. This may include rocks, dust, and if the impact is large enough, brecciated rock - pieces of different types of rock fused together by the heat of the impact blast.
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Pahoehoe (Rillow) or Toungue Lava
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(pronounced "pah-hoy-hoy"), a Hawaiian term, is lava that in solidified form is characterized by a smooth, billowy, or ropy
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Lahar
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Mud flow of water and volcanic material commonly caused by the bursting of a crater lake, eruption from a snow-capped volcano
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hot spring
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A hot spring is a spring that is produced by the emergence of geothermally-heated groundwater from the earth's crust. There are hot springs all over the earth, on every continent and even under the oceans and seas. hot s
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geyser describe how it works with picture
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A hot spring that ejects intermittent jets of water and steam. The action results from heating of groundwater circulating through hot rock under conditions that prevent continuous circulation.
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hydrovolcano
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generated by the intereaction of magma with either groundwater or surface water.
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mud volcano
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refer to formations created by geologically excreted liquids and gases
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monocline
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a geological formation in which all strata are inclined in the same direction
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sag pond
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A sag pond is a body of water, which forms as water collects in the lowest parts of the depression that forms between two strands of an active strike-slip fault . The relative motion of the two fault strands results in a stretching of the land between them, causing the land between them to sink
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pluton
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an intrusive igneous rock body that crystallized from a magma below the surface of the Earth. Plutons include batholiths, dikes, sills, laccoliths, lopoliths, and other igneous bodies.
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nueroolentee
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hot gas flow with 80% people cooked to death by affixiation
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ignimbrite
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Rock consolidated from volcanic material which was so hot that the fragments welded together. (possibly floating)
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vesicles
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Open holes in igneous rock formed by the preservation of bubbles in magma as the magma cools into solid rock.
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coulee
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is a deep steep-sided ravine formed by erosion, commonly found in the northwestern United States and southwestern Canada. Most coulees were originally formed during the rapid melting of the glaciers at the end of the last ice age. Hoover dam is a great example!!
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fumeral
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fumed volcano?
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shield volcano
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shield volcano ( ′shēld väl′kānō ) ( geology ) A broad, low volcano shaped like a flattened dome and built of basaltic lava
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composite volcano (strato)
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Composite Volcano: A steep volcanic cone built by both lava flows and pyroclastic eruptions.
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creep
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Slow mass movement of soil and soil material down relatively steep slopes, primarily under the influence of gravity but facilitated by saturation with water and by alternate freezing and thawing
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rockfall
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The most rapid type of mass movement, in which rocks ranging from large masses to small fragments are loosened from the face of a cliff.
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disintegration
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process of breaking up
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decomposition
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The process by which a substance is broekn down into component parts of basic elements.
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amphiprotic
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both an acid and a base
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foliation
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Alignment of minerals into parallel layers; can be planes of weakness in rocks.
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rock salt
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A salt derived from the huge seams of impacted salt that have formed below the dried-out, underground saline lakes of prehistoric times.
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hydrolysis
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Breakdown process that occurs in anhydrous hydraulic fluids as a result of heat, water, and metal catalysts (iron, steel, copper, etc.)A chemical reaction that uses water to break down a compound.
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hydration
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Chemical combination of water with other substances.
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oxidation
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The process of combining oxygen with some other substance or a chemical change in which and atom loses electrons.
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carbonation
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When carbon dioxide in the air dissolves in rain, a weak carbonic acid is formed. This weak acid, while harmless to plants and animals, is able to dissolve some kinds of rocks, like feldspar and limestone, in a process called carbonation. Many caves begin forming during the process of carbonation.
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microbial
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microorganisms, small organisms that can only be seen with the aid of a microscope. The term microbe (microorganism) includes viruses, bacteria, yeast, molds, protozoa, and small algae.
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aridisol
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Aridisols (from the Latin aridus, for “dry”) form in an arid or semi-arid
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adobe
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Sun dried, unburned brick of clay a
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chernozem
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A fertile black or dark brown soil, rich in humus. Chernozems are found in the Canadian prairies, the Ukraine, Eastern Europe and the United States.
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loess
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A soil made up of small particles that were transported by the wind to their present location.
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transhumance
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seasonal movement of livestock between upland and lowland pastures.
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xerophyte
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is an organism, which is able to survive in an ecosystem with little to no water
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playa
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A very flat, dry lake bed of hard, mud-cracked clay
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Hydroponics
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The growing of plants, especially vegetables, in water containing essential mineral nutrients rather than in soil. Keni Peninsula
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piedmonts
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An area of shallow, rolling hills formed or lying at the foot of a mountain or mountain range
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bajada
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A broad, sloping depositional deposit caused by the coalescing of alluvial fans.A series of coalescing alluvial fans along the base of a mountain range.
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quebrada
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Ravine, gully.
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yardang
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An elongate ridge carved by wind erosion. The ridges are parallel to the prevailing winds in and regions with soft sediment at the surface "dune like"
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inselburg
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A monadnock or inselberg is an isolated hill, knob, ridge, or small mountain that rises abruptly from a gently sloping or virtually level surrounding plain. Drumlin like
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tarn
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A deep, typically circular lake that forms when a cirque glacier melts
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kettle
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A closed depression in a deposit of glacial drift formed where a block of ice was buried or partly buried and then melted
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name four kinds of moraines and define morain
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ridge of rock debris dumped at the end of a glacier and formed of unsorted boulders, sand, gravel and clay.
terminal recessional lateral medial |
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cirque
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steep walled bowl carved by glacial action at the head of a side canyon
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arete
define |
sharp ridge of erosion-resistant rock formed between adjacent cirque glaciers.
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horn
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high mountain peak that forms when the walls of three or more cirques intersect
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bergshound
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crevasse at the head of a mountain glacier,
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head wall
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A steep slope at the head of a valley like the rock cliff at the back of a cirque
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isostatic
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state of gravitational equilibrium between the Earth's lithosphere and asthenosphere
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esker
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a long, narrow, sinuous ridge of sand and gravel deposited by a melt water stream flowing upon, within, or beneath a glacier that is melting away.
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kame
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hill of sorted or stratified sand and gravel that is deposited in contact with the glacial ice. It can have an irregular shape
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drumlin
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spoon-shaped hill that develops when pressure from an overriding glacier reshapes a moraine
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till
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unstratified soil deposited by a glacier; consists of sand and clay and gravel and boulders mixed together
debris deposited directly by the glacier |
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drift
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Glacial drift is the loose and unsorted rock debris distributed by glaciers and glacial meltwaters
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krumholdz
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Trees are stunted
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taiga
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Northern boreal forest that is adjacent to the tundra. subarctic...south of the tundra
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gelifluctions
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seasonal freeze-thaw action upon waterlogging topsoils and inducing movement downslope
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moulin
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glacier mill is a narrow, tubular chute, hole or crevasse through which water enters a glacier from the surface often like a waterfallmoulin
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diamict
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ery poorly sorted sediment
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varve
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A varve is an annual layer of sediment or sedimentary rock.
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what is characteristic of cyclopean stairs
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several hanging valleys in a row
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flute formation
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A cavity forms under a glacier on the lee side of a rock or boulder. When the glacier retreats...that part was least compressed and therefor is raised
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pluvial lake
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lake that is brought about directly by precipitation.
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frost heave
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land surface that is pushed up by the accumulation of ice in the underlying soil.
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frost sorting
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differential movement of soil particles of different sizes as a result of frost action
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talik
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Russian term applied to permanently unfrozen ground in regions of permafrost
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palsa
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low oval elevation in areas with Permafrost, frequently peat bogs, where an ice lens has developed within the soil. A palsa consists, similarly to a pingo, of an ice core and overlying soil materials, in case of a palsa usually boggy soil.
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saltation
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The bouncing or 'leaping' movement of sand grains caused by the wind or water
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mudslide
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fluid type of downhill mass wasting
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ice wedge
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a buildup of ice in frozen soil, that is wedge-shaped in cross-section
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pack ice
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Pack ice is large blocks of ice on the surface of the ocean, usually in polar regions
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felsenmeer
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"sea of rocks") for extensive areas, usually fairly level or with only moderate slope, characterized by a chaotic assemblage of moderate to large size blocks of rock. Generally applied to polar regions where well-jointed bedrock is shattered by intensive frost action (frost riving) into jagged boulders and rock fragments, but may also refer to areas above timberline with similar characteristics. Synonym of blockfield.
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fells field
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From the Danish "fjoeld-mark," or rock desert. A type of tundra ecosystem characterized by rather flat relief, very stony soil, and low, widely spaced vascular plants.
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gulog
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Russian prison camp for political prisoners
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neve
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1. Same as firn. 2. Same as accumulation area.
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blizzard
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A weather condition characterized by low temperatures and strong winds (greater than 35mph) bearing a great amount of either falling or blowing snow.
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potenostra
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possibly a chain of glacial lakes
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hummocks
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Hummocks are masses of ice rising to considerable heights (20 feet / 6 meters) above the general level of the Arctic ice pack,
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fjiord
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glaciated valley flooded by the sea to form a long, narrow, steep-walled inle
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firth
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a long narrow estuary
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palsa
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Peat-covered mound with a perennially frozen core. Usually ombrotrophic and generally much less than 100 meters across and from one to several
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erratic (capture..haystacks)
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A rock of unspecified shape and size, transported a significant distance from its origin by a glacier or iceberg and deposited by melting of the ice. Erratics range from pebble-size to larger than a house and usually are of a different composition that the bedrock or sediment on which they are deposited.
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percolation
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The downward movement of water through the openings in soil or rock
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permeability
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a measure of the ability of a rock to transmit fluid through pore spaces.
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porosity
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The ratio of the volume of void spaces in a rock or sediment to the total volume of the rock or sediment.
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scarp
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Also "escarpment." A steep cliff or steep slope, formed either as a result of faulting or by the erosion
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moho
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Mohorovicic discontinuity: the boundary between the Earth's crust and the underlying mantle; "the Mohorovicic discontinuity averages 5 miles down under oceans and 20 miles down under continents
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peat
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Partially decomposed plant remains including both bog and swamp peat (formed under waterlogged conditions) and heath peat, mor, or raw humus (formed under well-drained conditions
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lignite
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Also called brown coal, it is burnable, softer than coal, and has the texture of the original plant fragments preserved.
peat----lignite----bituminos |
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bituminous
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A soft coal that, when heated, yields considerable volatile matter.
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anthrocite
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A hard, black, lustrous coal containing a high percentage of fixed carbon and a low percentage of volatile matter. Often referred to as hard coal.
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pluton
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An igneous intrusion; that is, a body of rock that formed when a molten mass cooled subsurface.
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sea mount
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mountain rising from the ocean seafloor that does not reach to the water's surface (sea level), and thus is not an island
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outwash
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Stratified sand and gravel that was washed out from a glacier by melt water streams and deposited in front of, or beyond the margin of, an active glacier
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lake baykal
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largest freshwater lake
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manadnock
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inselberg is an isolated hill, knob, ridge, or small mountain that rises abruptly from a gently sloping or virtually level surrounding plain
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nunatak
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The tip of a mountain that appears above the Antarctic icecap
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deformation of the earths crust, fault lines and structures are evidence of
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tectonism
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Name 4 Kinds of Faults
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Upthrust, Normal, Block, Transverse....
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Elastic:long _________:episodic
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plastic
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What is the major identifier for terctonism?
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rock outcrops
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Name 3 things that are evidence of petrol
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foram, sedimentary, negative gravity anomoly
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these may contain sulfur or salt and are often in submarine gulf regions
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domes
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Which is bigger, a mesa or butte
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mesa is bigger
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Which is rounder a questa or hogback
What kind of rock are both made of |
Questa
Sedimentary |
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The mesozoic era was
2 million y/o 20 million y/o 200 million y/o |
200 million years ago
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Large Basic Limestone metamorphosiezed into mountains, caves, sink holes, marble
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Evidence of Karst Topography
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Where are the Dolomites
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Austria, Hungry, Yugoslovia
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What is the water around pangea called
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pathelasia
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Pangea broke into what 2 landforms
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laurasia-NA, EU, ASia
Gondwanaland- SA, Africa |
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Is the pacific plate expanding, contracting, collapsing, or raising
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collapsing
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The atlantic is getting
bigger or smaller |
bigger thanks to the mid-atlantic ridge
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What are ocean tranches associated with
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mid ocean ridges and island archapalegos
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What is the deepest trench in the world
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marianis
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Sartsey is a new.....
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volcano
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T/F
Active Volcanos are associated with Plates, trenches and ridges |
DUH!!!
True |
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Name 4 kinds of faults
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normal
reverse strike-slip thrust |
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What percentage of the earth is Land?
Percent Water? Percent of Land Habitable? |
29%
71% 10% |
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Define Fault
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a spontaneous release of stress due to plasticity of the surface
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The steep and abrupt resultant cliff of a fault is called a
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scarp or escarpment (vertical fault)
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At what degree will architects usually not build
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greater than 24
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Faults are usually....
Thrust or Transverse |
Thrust
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obsequent:Reverse
_________: normal |
resciquent
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What zones are most prone to faulting?
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plate contact zones (usually converging)
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Many faults in a long row
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eneschelon
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What pipeline runs through alaska?
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alegaster
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Name the 3 stages of activity for volcanoes and describe each
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a. Active- erupted in the last century
b. Inactive- showed signs of previously active but is not Active c. Dorment- shows seismic activity but has not erupted in recent time |
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What Sedimentary and Metamorphic Rocks are those most prominent in the Boston Basin?
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Roxbury COnglomorate, Cambridge Argillate
Dedham Granite Rhyolite |
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What kind of fault do we have in boston and what is the general movement
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normal fault moving West to East
Milford Dedham zone |
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What is an extension of the continental shelf?
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Coastal Plane
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What has defined the Continental Shelf?
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The exclusion Economic zone,
right to economic resources, land/sea/ air ownded by country increasing slope of depth to land |
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What kind of Coal is in the North Sea?
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anthrocite
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Volcanism: Tectonism
Soliqueouse:___________ |
solid state
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WHat percentage of active earthquakes are in the pacific basin ocean?
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10%
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Name the Three major kinds of Volcanism and the associated ejectas
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Exhalative-oozing overflow down the sides...
Effusive-spew out molton rock-pacific island. Characterized by molton rock spewing out...Pahoaoha (Rillow Lava) Tongue Lava comes down the coast and goes into the sea-block lava..devil's causeway Explosive-Ejecta |
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Define Rillow Lava
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Pahohoe- effusive volcanow defined by tongue like shape (black lava)
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Mud volcanoes are
exhalative? explosive? or effusive |
exhalative
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Neurolentee is associated with
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hot gas flow where 80% cooked to death
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Define an ignembrite
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A floating fused Volcanic Rock with Large vesicles
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Describe a shield volcano
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successive flows build up the cone through flank erruptions. Has a clearly defined caldera and often a caldera Lake
Titticaka is an example |
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Describe a strato volcano or composite volcano
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tefra (swiss cheese) lava
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What happens to the rock as it ages?
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freezing/thawing alternate, pressure, river flow
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Mass Wasting involves
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rock transport and gravity
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Flow describes what kind of sediemtn
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hydrophyed
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Weathering is an erosional process, True or False
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True
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What is the dryest desert?
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namibia
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Permafrost regions are above what latitutde?
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7 degrees
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Define Hydration
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Water added to a hemihydrate
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Hydrolysis
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Water Breakdown
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Differentiate between oxidation, carbonation and microbrial breakdown.
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Carbonation is the basic reducing agent while the microbial breakdown gives oil consumming bacteria
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Where are the and most organic materials?
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Locate in the
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define Urg
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dry baked soil
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Most Tropics are...
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savannas
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Mining...
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gold
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Pediment
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eroded by moving water
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Piedmont
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glacially eroded in mountains
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Define Inselburg
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drumlin like in savanna regions
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Perdimonts and ventifacts are results of
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wind
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a quebrada is another word for
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qully
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Urga and Hammatas are
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barronn rock outcrops
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This desert is interior and associated with monsoons
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Gobi
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A Bahada is comparable to
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an allufial fand, rock eroded
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pediments are eroded by moving
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Water
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Piedmonts are eroded by moving
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ice (glacier)
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gulley (aka)
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quebrada
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Name 6 shapes for Dunes
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1. Barkhand
2 longitudinal 3. parallel 4. linear 5. parabolic 6. star 7. dome 8. blowout 9. draws 10 z bar or whaleback |
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What climate classification is missing in the Southern Hemisphere?
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D
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What is the Law of landforms?
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as you go from equatorial warm to arctic cold, there is a change in the landforms
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hi sun=summer
lo sun+ winter True or False |
True
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Define Glacier
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a large compact mass of snow and ice moving across a surface
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advance:retreat
________:melting |
accumulation
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Ice sheets are also known as
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continental glaciers
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alpine or mountain glaciers have __potential for movement
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increased
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In low sun, alpine glaciers acrete....in high sun alpine glaciear_____
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contract
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What is a tarn
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a glacial lake of MELT water
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4- Wuarternary
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Glaciation
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Streams are
insequent or consequent to glaciation |
consequent
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What are the two main factors effecting location of continental glaciers
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2. lattitude, 2. solar radiation
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Is there frost wedging in glaciated areas?
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no
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What is the marjor erosional component in Glaciated regions
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warmpth/cold freezing/thawing
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Felsenmeer
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rock fields
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fells
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rocky
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results in coastal erosian and has 6 stages of formation
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pack ice
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Nevation is the
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moving part of the glacier...downcutting?
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Where are Krippet Marshes?
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poland
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In the permafrost what is the groundwater like
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frozen
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Continentallly glaciated regions have less than ___inches of rain, are morphed by eolian transported
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True??
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Which came fist the firth or Farth
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Firth
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Due to ________ and ________ there is leeeching of the soild
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hydrolysis/hydration
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name two kinds of desert
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bahatas/ bowings
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what kind of vegitation are in grasslands.
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WCreeps
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Moho
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zone of discontinuity density changes
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List the soils
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oAEBCR
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define craton
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expanse stable regions of low relief made of shields
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who is credited with studying differential erosion (the weakest strata)
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gilbert
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Who is credited with studying SW faulting?
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Lauderback
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Faulting locolatizes_________making an impermable barrier to ground water
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springs
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name types of volcanic cones and describe each
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1. shield (gently sloping)
b. composite (startaovolcano c. plug dome d. cindere cones (known crater) e. spatter cones...thinky f.table subglacial |
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discordant plutons name
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conduits
dikes vacoliths |
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concordant
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sills
mesa questa hogback lacolith |
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is till stratified
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no
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rozens law
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fragment/size
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tafoni
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weathering pits in the desert....rain dew and fog....causes caves
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caliche
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white consisting of calcium carbonate in desert soils
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gas:________ lava: Effusiv
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Exhalative
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maar
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shallow lake
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what percent of land was covered and uncovered in past 1.3 million years
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30%
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define:
steppe (in AM, SA, and Af words Too) Desert, loess |
steppe: grassy low plain broad
desert: less than 10 inches prairy: treeless grassy plain veldt: ELEvated Open Grassland (africa Pampas: Steppe in South America Loess: made up of wind blown particles |
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ERGS DEAL WITH WHAT???
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sandy areas
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