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159 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
broad, flat area inundated during high tides and exposed during low tides
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mud flat
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remnant column of rock in the ocean near the coast
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sea stack
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tides that form at 90 degrees to each other.
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neap tides
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tides that form when the sun and moon are aligned
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spring tides
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water that is piled up returns to the sea
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rip current
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the periodic swell of lake water
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seiche
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steeply sloped, cone shaped hill that occurs in tropical karst areas.
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Tower karst
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A gentle sloping tower karst
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cockpit karst
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karst with large amounts of water, vegetation, and high temperatures
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trapical karst
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Darwin's model for the formation of an atoll (1st model)
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fringing reef forms around an island, island sinks and barrier reefs extend to the surface
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2nd model for atoll formation
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Glacial Control. flat coral left after sea-level drop; rain falls leaving depression in flat surface, sea level rises.
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lakes formed by the changes in evaporation rates and precipitation brought about by worldwide temp drops.
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Pluvial Lakes
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latitudes where most of the EArth's deserts form due to descending of heated air.
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horse latitudes
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Methods of wind transport
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suspension, slatation, and surface creep
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wind moves weathered material
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deflation
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faces of rock pitting
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ventifacts
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low ridges of sand with wavelengths from 0.5-2.5m
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ripples
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very small amounts of sand with the spires pointing downward
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barchan dunes
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dunes that form in areas of prevailant winds spires pointing upward
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parabolic dunes
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elongate dunes forming perpendicular to the wind
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transverse dunes
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dunes forming parallel tot he wind direction
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longitudinal dunes
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last ice age
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Wisconsin glaciation (20ka)
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forming of ice lenses underneat the ground, favoring ground waters
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ice segregation
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uplift associated with freezing groundwaters
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frost heave
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general upward movement associated with frost heave.
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upfreezing
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ice propogates downward pulling stones from the soil
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ice pull
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boulder freezes faster from the bottom pushing the boulder up
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ice push
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cylindrical needles of ice can push particles upward
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needle ice
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freezing and thawing can often change the grain size distribution by sorting
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frost sorting
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creep associate with frost heave
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frost creep
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flowing of saturated soil
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soliflifluction
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solifluction associated with frozen ground
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gelifluction
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large lobate tongue shaped masses of rock debris frozen with interstituent ice
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rock glaciers
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piles of boulders on the side of a mountain formed by frost wedging
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delsenmeers
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flat areas associated with glaciation from 3-13 degrees
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blockfields
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occuring in a glacial setting, flat areas greater than 13 degrees
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block slopes
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streams confined by valley walls
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blockstreams
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the top melting layer of permafrost
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active layer
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a lens of unfrozen ground between active permafost layer and permafrost layer
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talick
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depth of permafrost at which temp is constant
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zero annual amplitude line
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cracks that fill with ice, more prevalent in fine-grained sediment
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ice-wedge
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multiple ice wedges come together forming polygons
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ice-wedge polygons
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small dome-shaped hill of mount that is cored with ice
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pingo
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composed of interwoven laters of ice and peat
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palsas
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the collapsed landforms associated with the thawing of ground ice
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thermokarst
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fields of conical mounts
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mima-mounds
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distinct symmetrical geometric shapes in paraglacial zones
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pattern ground
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pediment with no residual knob left only a flat gently sloping surface
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pediment pass
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landform formed as a stream exits an area of high relief and enters a broad flat plain
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alluvial fan
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flat depositional surface wehere many indicidual alluvial fans meet
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bajada
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fry lake bed
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playa
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triangulat shaped protuberance in the shoreline which forms when a river meets a large body of water
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delta
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flat erosional feature is the end product of the cycle of erosion
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peneplane
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meandering river goes back to the process of meandering back and forth flattening out an area
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lateral planation
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formed by something perturbing the system resulting in incision leaving areas to the side outside the areas of erosion
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fluvial terraces
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each terrace is an erosional surface, not a depositional surface
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cut in bedrock terrace
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constructed by deposition, river incises into new level and then fills
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fill terrace
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river meanders back and forth creating deposition then cuts down through it and while dutting fills it back up
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cut and fill terrace
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similar to a pediment, relics of former flood plain, now dissected
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cyclic erosional surface
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surface formed by selective stripping of the low resistance surgace from high reisitance rocks leaving behind a low relief plane
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stripped structural surface
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due to uplift around a meander, the meander is stuck in its course
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entrenched meander
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ease at which fluids travel through rock
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permeability
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ratio of the colume of water that is drained by gravity from saturated sediments to the total volume of the material
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specific yield
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ratio of volume of water retained to the total volume
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specific retention
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volume of water at a given viscosity that will move in a porous medium in a unit time under a unit hydraulic gradient through a unit area measured at right angles to the plane
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hydraulic conductivity
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Darcy's Law
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Q=PIA
Q=discharge P=hydraulic conductivity (m/s) I=Hydraulic gradient (no units) A=cross sectional area (m^2) |
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upper surface of the zone of saturation
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water table
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subsurface area in which all porosity is filled with water
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zone of saturation
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geologic unit that can store and transmit economic quantities of water
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aquifer
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extends continuously from a land surgace downward through a material with high permeability
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unconfined aquifer
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bound both above and below with impermeable or nearly impermeable layers
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confined aquifer
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aquifer under enough pressure that, if allowed to connect to surface, water would flow freely to surface
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artesian aquifer
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groundwater becomes heated to high temps due to a heat source in the subsurface
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thermal spring
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landscape formed from dissolution
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karst
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compound sinkhole
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uvala
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large closed depression with flat alluvial fill
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polje
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dissolution depression intersecting the water table
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karst lake
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center of a sinkhole gets clogged with clay so no water can escape
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sinkhole pond
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dissolving of limestone walls along fissures or bedding planes that are structurally controlled
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solution chmney
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cercular cylinders with vertical walls that cut across fissures and bedding planes
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vertical shafts
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river flows into karst features under ground
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disappearing stream
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valley where large percent of drainage is underground
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karst valley
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remnant valley with all present drainage underground
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dry valleys
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fluvial valley that bruptly ends at a sinkhole
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pocket valleys
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valley flows away from a sinkhole
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blind valley
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area with an abundance of estuaries
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coast of submergence
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areas that are submerged during high tide
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tidal flat
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predominantly found in temperatures between 77 and 86 degrees and live less that 60 m of water
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coral reefs
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Darwins Atoll formation
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1)seamount above surface
2)fringing reef forms around it 3)seamount sinks under weight and reef continues to grow 4)central island erodes or sinks enough to be completely submerged |
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big integrated root system of trees captures sediment and forms land
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mangrove
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masses of ice or granular snow formed by compaction or recrystallixation of snow lying largely or wholly on land and showing eveidence of past or present movement
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glacier
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the state between snow and ice
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firn
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under great pressure, ice can melt and still have a temp above freezing
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pressure melting
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melting and refreezing due to changes in pressure
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regelation
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glacier slides over it's bed
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basal sliding
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minor movement taken place by rotating of crystal grains within a glacier
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intergranular shifting
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crystals of ice are sheared (parallel to movement)
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intragranular shifting
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ice melts the refreezes downslope
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recrystalization
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decrease velocity and ice thickens
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compressive flow
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velocity increases and ice thins
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extending flow
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crevasse forming perpendicular to the flow direction
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transverse crevasse
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crevasse forming along sides of the calley pointing at an angle up-flow
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chevron
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crevasses forming parallel to the flow
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longitudinal crevasses
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crevasses causing ice preading in a radial pattern
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radiant crevasses
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alternations of light and dark on the surface
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ogives (ridges and swells)
ridges form during summer swells form during winter |
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glacier forming near pressure melting point
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temperate glacier
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glacier forming well below pressure melting point
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polar glacier
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glacier forming between the polar and temperate glaciers
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subpolar glacier
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glacier confined by walls everywhere
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alpine glacier
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smaller size alpine glacier
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cirque
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glacier much larger than a cirque glacier
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valley glacier
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glacier that drains ice from an ice cap or ice sheet to a lower elevation
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outlet glacier
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glacier connected to the ocean
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tidewater glacier
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glacier that discharges broad, radiating, flowing lobes
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piedmont glacier
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ice formation not confined by topography
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ice sheet/cap
sheet= >50,000 km^2 cap = <50,000 km^2 |
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ice is added to a glacier
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accumulation
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ice is lost from a glacier
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ablation
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boundary between zone of accumulation and zone of ablation
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equilibrium line
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abrupt advance in glacial advancement rates
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glacial surge
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rock debris is picked up by a glacier and is dragger and scraped across the bed causing erosion
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abrasion
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melt-water freezes, as glacier moves it pulls rocks loose
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plucking
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curved depressions formed by the removing of rock flakes by plucking
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chatter marks
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sediment directly deposited by glaciers
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till
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sediment deposited from melt-water from glaciers
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outwash
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rocks acarried by glaciers not from original bedrock
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erratic boulder
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couplets of sediment deposited annually
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varves
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silt-sized quarts formed as glacer moves across landscape
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glacial flour
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wind-blown silt of glacial origin
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loess
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semi-circular hollow set in a mountain slope characterized by a steep headwall
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cirque
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shallow depression formed by nivation of the permanant snow banks
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nivation hollow
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freeze and thaw and mass wasting
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nivation
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a narrow thin ridge between two cirques
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arete
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spire between three or more cirques
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glacial horn
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horn sticking out through and ice sheet or cap
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nanatuk
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callet formed by a glacier rather than a river
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glacial trough
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step-like longitudinal profile of a glacial valley resembling a giant staircase
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cyclopean stairs
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chain of small lakes connected by streams within a glacial valley
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paternoster lakes
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a glacial trough that has been flooded by the arm of a sea
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fjord
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glacial valley that fills completely with a lake
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finger lakes
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depositional ridge built by material transported by glaciers
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moraine
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moraine forming where a glacier ends
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end moraine
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moraine formed by the advancement of a glacier
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push moraine
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moraine formed by the retreat of a glacier
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dead-end moraine
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multiple end moraines formed as a glacier retreats
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recessional moraine
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moraine formed on teh side of a glacier
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lateral moraine
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moraine formed by the accumulation of debris that form as two tributary glaciers come togher and later moraines become caught up between two tributary glaciers
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medial moraine
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moraine formed by two lobes of glaciers come together
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interlobate moraine
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moraine formed by till covered areas of low relief blacken ridges
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ground moraine
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linear ridges or hilss composed of till. streamlined forms with elongate axes oriented parallel to movement
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drumlins
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once streams that formed on top of the glacier, when glacier melts, a glacial ridge is formed
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esker
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depression within a glacier fills with sediment. when glacier melts you are left with a deposit
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kame
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depressions often filled with water formed by the melting of buried ice
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kettle
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deposit of sediment associated with lake between glacier and valley wall
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kame terrace
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deposits formed in fornt of the glacier from meltwater streams
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outwash plane
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broad celss of atmospheric circulation taht control climate
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hadley cells
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terminal velocity
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when air resistance = acc due to gravity
V = (4PpgDp/3PCd) Pp = density of particle Dp = diameter of particle Cd = drag coefficient (sphere = .7, square = 2) P = atmospheric density g = acc of gravity |
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elongate erosional ridges parallel to the wind
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yardangs
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long longitudinal dune
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seif dune
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3 or more sharp ridges taht extend radially froma point
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star dune
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