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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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subduction
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takes place at convergent boundaries
one tectonic plate moves under another tectonic plate and sinks into the mantle as the plates converge. Regions where this process occurs are known as subduction zones. |
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auto catalysis
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the more weathering going on breaks it down the faster it breaks down
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grus
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Grus ("groos") is crumbled granite that forms by physical weathering.
What causes that is the hot-and-cold cycling of the daily temperatures, repeated thousands of times, especially on rock that is already weakened from chemical weathering by groundwater. |
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types of physical weathering
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"unloading" exfoliation
Crystal growth (salt crystal growth Ice crystal growth bassil weathering |
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types of chemical weathering
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solution weathering corstic landscape
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what temperarature does columner joints cool at?
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90 degrees
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relief inversion
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refers to landscape features that have reversed their elevation relative to other features.
It most often occurs when low areas of a landscape become filled with lava or sediment that hardens into material that is more resistant to erosion than the material that surrounds it. filling in valleys |
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what is smaller than sand?
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silt
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converting celsiuis to farehinheit manually:
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C x 1.8 + 32
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converting farenheit to celcius manually
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(F - 32) x .555555
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40C =
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40F
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sun cups
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Suncups are bowl-shaped open depressions into a snow surface, normally wider than they are deep.
sun's heat starts to make a slight depression in the snow, the shape of the depression itself acts kind of like a satellite dish to reflect and concentrate even more heat at the center of the depression which causes an even deeper depression and even stronger heat and on and on it goes. |
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water shed
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total area of land that provides run-off to a particular stream
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exogenic energy system
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streams powered by the sun
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endogenic energy system
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volcanoes powered by the core of the earth
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extragenic energy system
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craters/meteors powered by space
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formula to find speed of river or soemthing
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feet per second x length x width
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Delta
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A river delta is a landform
mouth of a river fan shaped , where the river flows into an ocean, sea, estuary, lake, or reservoir. Deltas are formed from the deposition of the sediment carried by the river as the flow leaves the mouth of the river. Over long periods of time, this deposition builds the characteristic geographic pattern of a river delta. |
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prograding
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In sedimentary geology and geomorphology, the term progradation refers to the growth of a river delta farther out into the sea over time. This occurs when the mass balance of sediment into the delta is such that the volume of incoming sediment is greater than the volume of the delta that is lost through subsidence, sea-level rise, and/or erosion.
As a stream progrades it must agrade |
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protrudence
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something that sticks out
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fiord
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glacially carved valley
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base level is:
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sea level
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faulting
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Geology A fracture in the continuity of a rock formation caused by a shifting or dislodging of the earth's crust, in which adjacent surfaces are displaced relative to one another and parallel to the plane of fracture. Also called shift.
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capacity:
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amount of sediment of a given size that can be transported by a stream at velocity=x
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caliber
competence |
largest particle that is being moved by a stream at velocity
largest particle size that can be moved by a stream at velocity x |
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lacostrine environment
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Living or growing in or along the edges of lakes
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alluvial fans
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An alluvial fan is a fan- or cone-shaped deposit of sediment crossed and built up by streams.
fan based sediment spread out onto a flat plane depositional formed where a stream canyon changes hydraulic radius |
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Hydraulic radius
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Hydraulic radius refers to the measure of a river's ability to move sediments and water. It is used by water engineers to know whether there will be a flood and they can tell by finding the ratio of a river's cross-sectional area in relation to its wetted perimeter.
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Riperian vegitation
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A riparian zone or riparian area is the interface between land and a river or stream. Riparian is also the proper nomenclature for one of the fifteen terrestrial biomes of the earth. Plant habitats and communities along the river margins and banks are called riparian vegetation, characterized by hydrophilic plants.
-ash -birch -aspen (populos tremodes) -cottonwood (populos fremonti) -alder -willow |
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Thalweg
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line connecting the deepest point in the channel (swings from one side to the next)
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convex streams are considered:
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exotic
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fiord
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a long narrow arm of the sea bordered by steep cliffs usu. formed by glacial erosion
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manning
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The resistance of the bed of a channel to the flow of water in it. Representative values of the coefficient are 0.010 for a glassy surface to 0.020 for alluvial channels with large dunes.
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streams have what 2 types of flow?
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base and peak flow
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stream order:
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1st: no tributaries leading into them
2nd: stream segment that is fed by 2 other streams 3rd: requires 2 2nd order streams that came together |
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Natural Levees
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A levee, embankment, floodbank or stopbank is an elongated naturally occurring ridge or artificially constructed fill or wall, which regulates water levels.
Floods come in and leave sediment along the edge of the rivers or streams. Once the flood leaves the ntaural levees are still there. |
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more sediment required as______
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delta progrades
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Basal weathering
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Basal weathering is done with salt and you can only find salt that dosnt wash away in dry regions
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RIA
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a stream valley that has been flooded by a lake or sea level.
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difference between fjord and RIA
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A fjord is created by inundation of a valley formed by a glacier. They typically have very steep walls and very deep floors allowing ocean-going vessels to navigate them.
A ria is a former river valley that has subsided below sea-level and flooded. It is usually shallower than a fjord and often become estuaries with little fresh-water flow into them. |
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brajada
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A bajada consists of a series of coalescing alluvial fans along a mountain front.
alluvial aprons These fan-shaped deposits form from the deposition of sediment within a stream onto flat land at the base of a mountain must be overlapping |
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braided river
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A braided river is one of a number of channel types and has a channel that consists of a network of small channels separated by small and often temporary islands called braid bars or, in British usage
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straight river
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often runs through a valley connecting one large body of water to another large body of water
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meandering river
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Rivers flowing over gently sloping ground begin to curve back and forth across the landscape.
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pro glaciel stream
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Of streams, deposits, and other features, being immediately in front of or just beyond the outer limits of a glacier or ice sheet, and formed by or derived from glacier ice.
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outwash
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is alluvium that is being supplied by a glacier
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calluvium
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Colluvium is a general name for loose, unconsolidated sediments that have been deposited at the base of hillslopes by either rainwash, sheetwash, slow continuous downslope creep, or a variable combination of these processes.
Colluvium can be composed of often a heterogeneous range of sediments ranging from silt to rock fragments of various sizes. |
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Helio tropic
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turning or growing toward the light.
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Regolith
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composed of partially to fully decomposed bed rock
layer of loose, heterogeneous material covering solid rock. It includes dust, soil, broken rock, and other related materials and is present on Earth |
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1.disintegrating soil slip
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the mountain side break up into small parts, typically as the result of impact or decay, and begins to slip downward
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2.radial slump
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is when a large portion of the mountain falls over quickly
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3.rock slides
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Some causes of a rockslide are erosion or earthquakes.
Rockslides are influenced by mechanical weathering, or gravity. Pressure downwards and outwards can also causes a rockslide to occur. A rockslide can also occur after a heavy rainfall. A rockslide occurs abrupt movements of masses of materials become separated or detached from steep slopes. |
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base level
sea level |
The base level of a river or stream is the lowest point to which it can flow, often referred to as the 'mouth' of the river. For large rivers, sea level is usually the base level, but a large river or lake is likewise the base level for tributary streams. All rivers and streams erode toward sea level
the level of the sea's surface, used in reckoning the height of geographical features such as hills and as a barometric standard. |
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solifluction lobe
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Solifluction is the slow downslope movement of waterlogged soil.
A solifluction lobe is an isolated, tongue-shaped feature, formed by more rapid solifluction on certain sections of a slope showing variations in gradient. It commonly has a steep front and a relatively smooth upper surface. |
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Permafrost
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a thick subsurface layer of soil that remains frozen throughout the year, occurring chiefly in polar regions.
A layer of ice under soil |
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cut bank
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A cut bank, also known as a river cliff or river-cut cliff, is the outside bank of a water channel (stream), which is continually undergoing erosion.[1] Cut banks are found in abundance along mature or meandering streams, they are located on the outside of a stream bend
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Concave stream
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stream coming from a wet area and growing larger
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convex stream
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exotic streams which mean they start from a wetland and travel through dry arid land to a lake or sea
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Piprake
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Ice needles that transport creep of a slope form in the groundq
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rainsplash
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sediment that is propelled downslope
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drainage divide
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mountain seperating the watershed from the rest of the land
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when a stream joins an identical load in size it inc or dec?
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decreases
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a stream that us a carrying a load of very loose sediment is inc or dec?
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increases
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anticlinal mountain
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has downslope on both sides
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synclinal mountain
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has a U shape
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anticlinal valley
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has a downslope on both sides
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synclinal valley
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has a U shape
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manning equation diagnosis
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S=water surface slope
if one of its meanders are cut off the S is a higher number R=hydraulic radius if the stream joins another stream of identical character the R is a higher number N=roughness coefficient the rockier the stream bed is the higher the N number is |
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number of oxygen atomes in a molecule of calcium carbonate
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3
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temperature in which water reaches its highest density
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39 degrees
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% volume increase that water undergoes when it freezes
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9%
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quaternary
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is the most recent of the three periods of the Cenozoic Era in the geologic time scale of the It follows the Neogene Period and spans from 2.588 ± 0.005 million years ago to the present.
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orogeny
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Orogeny refers to forces and events leading to a large structural deformation of the Earth's lithosphere (crust and uppermost mantle) due to the engagement of tectonic plates.
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graded stream
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stream that has adjusted its velocity in order to carry its load
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Fp and Fn
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When Fp exceeds Fn the forcw of gravity exceeds the force of friction
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exvidence that a slope is undergoing active gravitational transfer
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-trees arre bent
-if u put a fence on a slope the fence will end up being tilted |
