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115 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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An element or compound that is normally crystalline and has formed as a result of geologic processes
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Mineral
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The atoms in a mineral are arranged in a regular repeating geometric pattern
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Crystalline
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A chemical substance composed of identical atoms that may not be separated by ordinary chemical means into different substances; made up of one type of atom that can't be broken down
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Element
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A substance that is made up of two or more elements; atoms are held together by atomic bonding
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Compound
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Sharing of electrons between atoms
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Covalent bonding
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Attraction of negatively and positively charged ions
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Ionic bonding
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Weak electrostatic forces of attraction between chains or sheets of ions
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Van der Walls
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The smallest unit of the geometric crystalline pattern
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Unit cell
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Composed of unit cells stacked together
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Crystal
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An aggregate of one or more minerals
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Rock
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~2.5
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Finger nail
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~3
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Penny
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~5.5
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Knife blade
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Softest mineral on Moh's scale of hardness
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Talc
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Hardest mineral on Moh's scale of hardness
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Diamond
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48wt% oxygen and 28wt% silica
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Earth's crust
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Oxygen and silica combine to form this
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silicates
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98wt% of Earth's crust
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silicates
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Silicon dioxide, H=7, color varies, used as gem stone
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quartz
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Aluminosilicates
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feldspars
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Silicon, oxygen, and aluminum are primary elements in combination with potassium, sodium, or calcium
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aluminosilicates
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Sodium or potassium
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alkali feldspars
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Sodium or calcium
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Plagioclase
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H=6, pink or gray, ceramics or glass industries, weather chemically to form clay minerals
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Feldspars
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Formed from sheets of silicon-oxygen tetrahedra
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Mica
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White mica
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Muscovite
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Dark, ferromagnesian mica
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Biotite
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Perfect basal cleavage, used as windows or oven doors
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Mica
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Silicon and oxygen combine with iron and/or magnesium
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Ferromagnesian minerals
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Olivine, pyroxene, amphibole
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Ferromagnesian minerals
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Dark in color, alter/weathered easily to form oxides such as limonite (rust)
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Ferromagnesian minerals
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Contain C03
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Carbonates
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Most environmentally important, major constituent of limestone and marble
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Calcite
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Weathers very easily, calcite, limestone, marble
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Carbonates
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Contain sulfur
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Sulfides
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Pyrite, can pose environmental problem
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Sulfides,
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Copper, Silver, Gold, Diamonds
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Native elements
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Economically important, profitable
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Ore minerals
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Cool slowly under Earth's surface; big crystals
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Intrusive igneous rocks
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Gabbro, Diorite, Granodiorite, Granite
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Intrusive igneous rocks
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Mafic (dark)
45-55wt% SiO2 Coarse grained |
Gabbro
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Composed of quartz, more orthoclase than plagioclase, less than 15% ferromagnesium minerals,light in color-white, tan, pink to red
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Felsic
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Composed of ferromagnesium minerals and plagioclase, no quartz or orthoclase, dark in color-dark gray to black
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Mafic
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No quartz, more plagioclase than orthoclase, 50% ferromagnesium minerals, light to medium gray to greenish-gray in color, "salt-n-pepper" appearance
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Intermediate
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More than 90% ferromagnesium minerals, dark in color-green to black
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Ultramafic
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Mafic-intermediate
55-63wt% SiO2 Coarse grained |
Diorite
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Intermediate
63-70wt% SiO2 Medium to light color Coarse grained |
Granodiorite
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Silicious
>70wt% SiO2 Coarse grained Light color |
Granite
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Big intrusions of magma
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Batholith and pluton
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Cross cut strata of other rocks; cut across existing rocks
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Dikes
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Runs parallel to existing rocks
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Sills
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Law of Crosscutting relationships
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A rock is younger than any other rock that it cuts
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Cool fast and fine-grained
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Extrusive igneous rocks
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Basalt, Andesite, Davite, Rhyolite
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Extrusive igneous rocks
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Mafic (dark)
35-55wt% SiO2 Fine grained |
Basalt
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Mafic
55-63wt% SiO2 Fine grained |
Andesite
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Intermediate
63-70wt% SiO2 Medium colored |
Davite
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Salicious/felsic
>70wt% SiO2 Light colored |
Rhyolite
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Silicious glassy rock with air bubbles where volatiles escaped
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Pumice
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Mafic, sometimes glassy rock, with air bubbles where volatiles escaped
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Scoria
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Crystals that are larger than those in the groundmass (matrix in the rock)
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Phenocrysts
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A rock with phenocrysts
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Porphyry
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Flow deposits and fall deposits
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Pyroclastic rocks
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A cooling process; when lava cools it shrinks and cracks in such a way as to relieve the most pressure
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Jointing
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Angular fragments of broken lava and other material that can be found in every kind of rock
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Breccia
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Covers 75% of all exposed rocks
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Sedimentary rocks
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3 types of sedimentary environments
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Terrestrial, marine, transitional
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Rivers, alluvial fans, lakes, deserts
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Terrestrial
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Continental shelf, reefs
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Marine
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Beaches, deltas, lagoons, estuaries
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Transitional
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2 types of sedimentary rocks
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Detrital and Chemical
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Detrital also means what
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Clastic
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Clastic is another word for
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Detrital
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Clasts/grains, matrix, cement holds it together
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Detrital/Clastic
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Finer material that fills up the gaps in Detrital Sedimentary rocks
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matrix
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1/256 mm grain size
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Claystone or shale
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1/16-2mm grain size
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Quartz sandstone
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bigger than 2mm grain size
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Gravel
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Chemical is another word for
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Nonclastic
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Nonclastic is another word for
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chemical
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Carbonates (made up of CaCO3), evaporates, siliceous (made up of SiO2)
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Chemical/nonclastic
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Siliceous means
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made up of SiO2
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Claystone/shale, Quartz sandstone, Gravel
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Detrital/clastic Sedimentary rocks
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Halite, Gypsum, Limestone
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Chemical/nonclastic sedimentary rocks
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3 types of metamorphism (MM)
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Dynamic/syntectonic, Contact, Regional
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High pressure, low temperature
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Dynamic/syntectonic MM
ex. tectonic event, meteor impact |
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Low pressure, high temperature
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Contact MM
ex. magma intruded into other rocks |
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High pressure, high temperature
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Regional MM
ex. Appalachians, really big crystals |
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burial MM in sedimentary basins, >500 degrees C, 15-20 km depth
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Diagenesis
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What are metamorphic rocks dependent on
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degree of temperature and pressure
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Minerals which only occur at certain T and P conditions
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Index minerals
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2 textures of metamorphic rocks
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Foliated and nonfoliated
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Parallel lines that cut original bedding; schistosity (segregration of minerals into light and dark bands), gneiss (coarsest foliation)
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Foliated
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Quartzites (predominately quartz, little texture), marble
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Nonfoliated
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highly MM, equate grains
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Granulites
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weakly MM sedimentary rocks, conchoidal fracture
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Argillites
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Low temperature of basalt or other mafic igneous rocks
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Greenstone
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Large crystals surrounded by fine grained matrix
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Porphyroblast or metacrysts
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Deformational textures
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Friction breccia
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Severe metamorphism
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Chevron folds
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Weathering creates this rock
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Sedimentary
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Heat creates this rock
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Igneous
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Heat, pressure, and fluid create this rock
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Metamorphic
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World wide recycling of rocks and minerals linking a subsurface process driven by Earth's internal heat, which melts or changes rocks in the tectonic cycle to surface processes driven by solar energy
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Rock Cycle
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Undergo diageneis and lithification
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Sedimentary rocks
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The chemistry of magma changes, in time, due to crystallization, assimiliation, and partial melting
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Magmatic differentiation
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Law of Original Horizontality
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all sediments were originally deposited in horizontal layers
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Law of Superposition
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If sedimentary beds have not been overturned, then the youngest beds are on top
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Layers which denote the top and bottom of different sedimentary layers
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Bedding planes
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Lateral change in sediment (in the same unit)
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Facies change
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Grains are deposited on the lee side of the dune
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Cross bedding
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Horizontally parallel rocks are deposited on tilted and eroded layers
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Angular unconformity
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Represents a period of erosion or non-deposition
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Disconformity
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Layers of different types of rock
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Nonconformity
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Results in changes in mineral composition and texture
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Metamorphism
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