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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How do all sedimentary rocks from?
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lithification of sediment
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What is sediment?
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rock that has been broken
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Name the Sedimentary Nine:
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1. Quartz
2. Calcite 3. Dolomite 4. Halite 5. Gypsum 6. Chert 7. Hematite 8. Limonite 9. "The Clays" |
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What is the difference between conglomerate and breccia?
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Conglomerate = smooth and rounded
Breccia = Sharp and angular |
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What two specific minerals give color to sedimentary rocks?
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Hematite and limonite
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What is meant by the texture of a sedimentary rock?
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size of the sediment in the rock
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What is the one and only characterisitic of a sedimentary rock that must be determined before the rock can be accurately named?
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texture!
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Whta is the difference between sandstone and graywacke?
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sand = only sand
Graywacke = sand with silt&clay |
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What mineral must be present in an arkosic rock?
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potassium feldspar
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In what condition are non-clastic sedimentary rocks before they become rocks?
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all underwent precipitation
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What is meant by the term percipitation?
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It is the process in which one or more chemical elements dissolved in water COMES OUT OF SOLUTION TO FORM A SOLID SUBSTANCE.
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What is the most distinctive visible feature seen in a thick pile of sedimentary rocks?
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it's made of layers
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What is weathering?
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breaking down of rocks to sediment
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What is the difference betwen physical weathering and chemical weathering?
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physical breaks down rocks into smaller pieces, chemical weathering breaks rocks into smaller peices AND changes the chemical composition
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What one substance causes more weathering on earth than anything else?
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water
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Describe the process of ice wedging
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water seeps into the cracks of a rock, freezes (expanding) causing the rock to break
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which 4 chemical elements are easily dissolved out of igneous rocks?
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potassium, sodium, calcium, and magnesium
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what is dissolution?
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entire rock dissolves in water
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what three fairly common minerals completely dissolve in water
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haylite, gypsum, calcite
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what makes rainwater acidic?
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dissolving of carbon dioxide in the air as the rain falls
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what is the specific name of the acid in rainwater?
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carbonic acid
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What is hydrolysis?
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a form of chemical weathering in which WATER changes/alters the composition of a rock or mineral
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What igneous minerals are most susceptible to hydrolysis?
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the feldspars
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What do the feldspars become as a result of hydrolysis?
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the clays
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What is oxidation?
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is a form of chemical weathering in which OXYGEN alters the composition of a rock or mineral
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Which igneous minerals are most susceptible to oxidation?
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augite, olivine, biotite, hornblende
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what do minerals become after oxidation?
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hematite (in an arid climate)
limonite (in a humid climate) |
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What three factors control the rate at which rocks and minerals weather?
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1. Climate
2. Composition 3. Cracks |
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What is the relationship between the temperature at which a mineral crystallizes from magma and the rate at which it undergoes chemical weathering?
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The higher the temp. when it crystallizes the faster it weathers
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What is erosion?
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movement of sediment
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What are the 4 main agents of erosion?
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1. Glacier
2. flowing water 3. gravity 4 wind |
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What is a talus?
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Talus is the sediment that accumulates at the bottom of a cliff. (boulder & cobble breccias)
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What is an alluvial fan?
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What is an alluvial fan? An AF is the sediment deposited by a river at the bottom of a mountain or mountain range (boulder & cobble conglomerate)
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What is a point bar?
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What is a point bar? A point bar is the sediment deposited by a river on the INSIDE bend of a stream (pebble/gravel conglomerate)
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what is a delta?
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is a delta? A delta is the sediment deposited at the end of the river (sandstone)
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What is a beach?
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What is a beach? A beach is the sediment deposited along the shoreline
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What is the longshore current?
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What is the longshore current? A nearshore movement of water that flows PARALLEL to the shoreline
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What must happen to sea water in order for:
limestone and dolostone to form? rock gypsum to form? Rock salt to form? |
limestone and dolostone to form?
-(sediment free water) outter continental shelf rock gypsum to form? -80% of sea water evaporates Rock salt to form? -90% of sea water evaporates |
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What are the two forms of lithification?
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1. compaction: sediment is simply compressed beneath the weight of overlaying sediment. In this way, silt and clay are lithified to make shale
2. cementation: a sticky substance, cement, percipitates from water trapped in spaces between individual pieces of sediment, in effect, bonding them together. Calcite is the most common cement. |
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Name the deposit and the specific sedimentary rock that forms:
A)Sediment deposited along the shorline B) sediment that accumulates at the bottom of a steep cliff C) sediment deposited along the inside bend of a river |
A)Sediment deposited along the shorline (beach, sandstone)
B) sediment that accumulates at the bottom of a steep cliff (talus, boulder/cobble breccia) C) sediment deposited along the inside bend of a river (point bar, pebble/gravel conglomerate) |
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Name the deposit and the specific sedimentary rock that forms:
D. sediment left by a river at the bottom of a mountain E. sediment blown by the wind into big piles behind a beach F. sediment swept into the deep ocean |
D. sediment left by a river at the bottom of a mountain (alluvial fan, boulder/cobble conglomerate)
E. sediment blown by the wind into big piles behind a beach (dunes, sandstone) F. sediment swept into the deep ocean (deepsea fan, graywacke) |
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Name the deposit and the specific sedimentary rock that forms:
G. sediment deposited at the bottom of a lake H. sediment left at the mouth of a river I. sediment deposited on the continental shelf |
G. sediment deposited at the bottom of a lake
(lake bottom sediment, shale) H. sediment left at the mouth of a river (delta, sandstone) I. sediment deposited on the continental shelf (silt and clay, shale) |
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Name the deposit and the specific sedimentary rock that forms:
J. Calcite that precipitates on the outer continental shelf K. minerals that precipitate in a lake that was once connected to the ocean |
J. Calcite that precipitates on the outer continental shelf
(no name, limestone) K. minerals that precipitate in a lake that was once connected to the ocean (evaporates, rock gypsum and rock salt) |
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Where do all metamorphic rocks form?
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Underground
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From what are all metamorphic rocks made?
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other rocks
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What does the word METAMORPHIC mean?
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change
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what is meant by the parent of a metamorphic rock?
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what it used to be
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what are the three agents of metamorphism?
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direct pressure, contact with magma, and hot water
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what is a foliated metamorphic rock?
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a rock whose minerals were squeezed by direct pressure into a parallel alignment
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what specific kind of pressure produces foliated metamorphic rock?
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direct pressure
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what is the difference in mineral composition between shale and slate?
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shale (sedimentary) is made of the clays
Slate (metamorphic) is made of the micas |
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what is a porphyroblast?
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a mineral in a metamorphic rock that is either larger or longer than the matrix
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what are the four most common foliated metamorphic rocks in order of increasing to decreasing?
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1. slate
2. phylite 3. schist 4. gniess |
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what provides the direct pressure required to form foliated metamorphic rocks?
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collision of contenents
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what is/are the most common minerals in each rock?
quartzite marble greenstone |
quartzite-quartz
marble-calcite greenstone-chlorite |
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what is/are the most common minerals in each rock?
amphibolite slate garnetite |
amphibolite-hornblende
slate-the micas garnetite-garnet |
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what is/are the most common minerals in each rock?
gneiss schist |
gneiss-k feldspar and Na feldspar, with Hornblende and Biotite
Schist-Muscovite |
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What is the parent rock of each of the following metamorphic rocks?
slate marble quartzite |
slate
marble quartzite |
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What is the parent rock of each of the following metamorphic rocks?
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hkl
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What is the parent rock of each of the following metamorphic rocks?
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hk
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What is meant by the term erosion?
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movement of sediment
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