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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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pools
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deep areas produced by deposition at low flow and erosion at high flow.
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riffles
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shallow areas produced by erosion at low flow and deposition at high flow.
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upstream
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upper part of drainage basin. Generally produced by intense rainfall of short duration over a limited area
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storm water sewers
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collect surface water and funnel it to rivers, lakes, or oceans. The water is transported to the receiving waters more quickly than through natural surface runoff, thus increasing potential flooding
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factors that determine the damage/death in a flood are...
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-land use of the floodplain
-magnitude of the flood (depth, velocity, and frequency of flooding) -rate of rise and duration of flooding -season (example: flooding during the growing season) -sediment load deposited -effectiveness of forecasting, warning and emergency systems |
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primary damage
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damage that is caused directly by the flood
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secondary damage
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damage caused by disruption and malfunction of services and systems due to flooding
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two general types of responses to mitigate flood hazards
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-prevention (using engineered designs)
-adjustment (of human behavior) |
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detention ponds
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capture water and release it at a slower rate, decreases the peak discharge to river, but not necessarily the total amount of runoff that reaches the river. Also removes some pollutants and sediment
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retention ponds
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capture water and hold it until it infiltrates or is removed by evaporation/transpiration. Retention areas reduce storm water volume, peak discharge rate, off site pollutant loading. They may also increase the recharge to shallows groundwater aquifers.
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channelization
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the deepening, straightening, widening or clearing of existing channels.
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floodway district
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allows passage of 100yr flood without increasing elevation of flood by more than .3m
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floodway fringe
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between floodway and 100 yr flood line (flood proof structures ok)
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hydrograph
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graph showing discharge (or stage) as a function of time.
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discharge frequency curve’
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shows the relationship between the magnitude of a flood and how often it occurs
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the chance of a certain size of flood occurring in any year is
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1/recurrence interval
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what is the definition of a stream’s gradient
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the stream’s vertical drop per unit of horizontal distance
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what composes the largest fraction of a stream’s load of sediment and dissolved materials
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suspended load
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The largest particle a river can transport is called what?
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competency
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In a meandering stream, where does erosion take place most rapidly?
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on the outsides of bends
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The time that elapses between the majority of rainfall and a flood’s peak is called what?
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lag time
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Which of the following is a primary effect of flooding?
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damage from sediments
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What is riprap?
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large stones used to control lateral bank erosion
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Which of the following statements about global water abundance is incorrect?
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Most of the Earth's water is suitable for human use.
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What sector has been using the largest supply of freshwater in the United States during the past 40 years?
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thermoelectric
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What is a problem with multiple instream uses of rivers and streams?
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Each use requires different conditions.
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Effluent streams tend to be what?
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perennial: lasting for an indefinitely long time
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What affects the rate and direction of groundwater movement?
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hydraulic gradient and hydraulic conductivity
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What is the name for any process that adds water to an aquifer?
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groundwater recharge
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vadose zone
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never saturated
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True or False? The amount of oxygen used for bacterial decomposition is referred to as Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD).
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true
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What percentage of the United States' population depends on groundwater for their source of drinking water?
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50
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Where is acid mine drainage not likely to occur?
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calcite mines
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Which of the following is not a method of groundwater treatment?
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saltwater intrusion
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The EPA believes which of the following contaminant(s) poses an immediate health threat if water quality standards are exceeded?
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coliform bacteria and nitrate
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Which is the most effective type of wastewater treatment?
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advanced
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Which type of wastewater treatment uses screening to remove grit?
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primary
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Reclaimed water refers to what?
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water that has undergone advanced treatment and can now be used for wildlife habitats and/or irrigation
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True or false? Slow percolation through soil can be used to additionally clean treated wastewater.
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true
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factors affect the magnitude of death and destruction
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-distribution of people
-preparation -warnings |
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surface water
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includes rivers, streams, lakes, etc
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ground water
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includes aquifers, springs etc
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watershed
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an area of ground in which a drop of water falling anywhere in it will leave in the same stream or river
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gradient
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slope
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discharge
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how much water is flowing in a river
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overbank flow
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the inundation of ordinarily dry land (or flooding)
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flood stage
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means that the water level is high enough to damage personal property
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river's stage
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height of water above some chosen measuring point, or datum
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recurrence interval
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how frequently, on average, a flood of a given magnitude occurs
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lag time
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time between when ½ the rain fell and time when ½ of the flood water has passed
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Channelization
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-Benefits: control floods, drain wetlands, control erosion, and improve navigation
-Adverse effects: drains wetlands, damage habitat, decreases aesthetic value. |
