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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Porphyritic
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Rock has 2 different sizes of minerals. Cools slow then fast
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Types of Mechanical Weathering
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Frost Wedging
Pressure Release (unloading) Biological Activity |
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Falls
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Sediment that falls from a mountain. Example: Rock fall. Frost Wedging is the most common cause.
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Escarpment
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Cliff- Caprock, Balcones
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Igneous (fire)
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Rocks formed after lava or magma has cooled.
Example: Granite; Basalt |
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Soil consists of:
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45% Mineral Particles
5% Organic Matter 50% Pore Space (air) |
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Weathering Rates Increase with:
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1. Water- brings chemicals into contact
2. Surface area- allows more chemicals to react |
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Varieties of Basalt
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1. Basalt- no holes
2. Vesicular Basalt- some holes 3. Scoria(ceous)- all holes |
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Pressure Release (unloading)
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expansion of rock due to removal of overburden, causing exfoliation domes. - Enchanted Rock, Stone Mt., GA. Independance Way, Wy, and Mt. Dun, Nz
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Laterite "brick"
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Very Rich in Al.
Develops in very wet climate very poor soil due to leaching *rainforests* |
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Biological Activity
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Mechanical Weathering caused by Plants/Animals
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Typical Soil Profile
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O Horizon- Top Soil/Grass
A Horizon- Sandy due to Leaching (zone of leaching) B Horizon- Clay due to deposition (zone of deposition C Horizon- weathered bedrock (spherodial weathering) D Horizon- Solid/unaltered berock |
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Balcones
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separates the Edwards Plateau and the Blacklands prarie region- caused by faulting
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Pedocal
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Rich in Calcium
Develops in Dry Climate Very rich soil due to lack of leaching Western U.S. |
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Caprock
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Separates high plains from low plains- caused by erosion
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3 Kinds of Mass Wasting
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1. Falls
2. Slumps 3. Flows |
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Humas
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Decayed Organic Matter
Compost-- |
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Frost Wedging
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When water seeps into cracks and freezes by 9%
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Talus
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Pile of rocks at the base of a cliff
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Types of Rocks
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Igneous
Sedimentary Metamorphic |
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Factors Affecting Soil Formation
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Climate
Parent Rock Time Organic Activity Slope (Topography) |
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Bowens Weathering Series
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Same as Reaction series; simply remember that those at the top weather faster than those at the bottom.
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Processes which lower the land
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1. Weathering (decomposition of Rock)
2. Erosion (removal of weathered rock) 3. mass wasting (mass transport of material downhill) |
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Weathering
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1. Chemical - rock chemically changes
2. Mechancial- rock physically changes |
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Sedminentary (to settle)
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forms when sediment is litihfied
ex: Shale, limestone, sandstone |
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Metamorphic (change)
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form where heat and pressure alters any rock
ex: Marble; slate |
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Distribution of Igneous Rocks
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Granite and Rhyolite- Continents
Andesite and Diorite- where continent meets sea floor (if plate boundry) Gabbro and Basalt- sea floor (sometimes on continent) |
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How are igneous rocks classified?
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1. Composition (what minerals are found in the rock)
2. Texture: a) Coarse (slow) b) Fine (fast) c) Glassy (very fast) |
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Acid Rain Destorys
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Buildings
Lakes Trees |
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Pedalfer
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Rich in Al and Fe
Develops in wet climates poor soil due to leaching ex: Eastern U.S. |
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Humans make acid rain by
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1. Burning Anything (Co2 and rain)
2. Burning Coal- Sulfuric Acid 3. Burning Gas- Nitric Acid |
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Slumps
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sediment that slides- movement of soil in blocks along curved path
rock slide- sliding of rock along flat surfaces |
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Flows
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sediment that flows.
ex: creep- slowest flow earth flow- thick mixture of sediment and water Mudflow- fluid mixture of sediment and water (fastest) |
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The chemical weathering of orthoclase
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Orthoclase --- Kaolinite
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