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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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anticline |
an arch-shaped fold |
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aquifer |
Layer or zone in subsurface capable of producing water to a well |
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artesian wells |
well from which water flows under natural pressure without pumping. |
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compression |
Stress that causes contraction (push together) |
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cone of depression |
As water flows, pressure around a well decreses. This creates a cone-shaped depression that is similar to when the plug is pulled in a bathtub |
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creep |
Slowest of all types of flow Most significant damage and difficult to control |
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debris flow |
Slower than mudflow with larger particles
More viscous |
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delta |
Landform that forms at the mouth of a river where it flows |
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dip-slip faults |
When the footwall goes one way and the hanging wall goes the other.
Come in the form of "normal" or "reverse" |
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drainage basin |
Area drained by main stream |
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earthflow |
Slower than debris and mud flows Tongue-shaped masses of wet regolith |
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earthquake intensity |
What you "feel" Based on DAMAGE Used for historical earthquakes
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earthquake magnitude |
Roughly based on energy More modern and accurate |
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elastic limit |
The lowest possible stress that something with move |
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epicenter |
Point on surface above focus |
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erosion |
Removal and transport of rock, sediment, soil |
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floodplain |
An area of land adjacent to a stream or river |
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focus |
Where rupture on fault plane starts |
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gravity |
Reason for which groundwater flows |
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hot spring |
A spring that is formed by geothermally heated groundwater from the earth's crust |
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hydrologic cycle |
The continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth. |
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impermeable rocks |
Rocks that don't pass fluid through their pores |
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infiltration |
The process by which groundwater enters the soil |
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liquefaction |
Near-surface layer of water-saturated sand changes rapidly from a solid to a liquid
Causes buildings to "float" |
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L-waves |
Surface waves Only horizontal particle motion |
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mass movements |
process by which soil, sand, regolith, and rock move downslope typically as a mass, largely under the force of gravity |
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meanders |
A bend in a river |
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mudflow |
Most rapid of all flows
triggered by rainstorms |
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normal faults |
A slide DOWN |
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permeable rocks |
Rocks that do pass water through their pores |
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point bars |
Deposits at the inside of the bend of a meandering river |
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porosity |
Percent of the total volume that is open space |
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P-waves |
Fastest type of wave, arrives first LONGITUDINAL (left to right) |
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reverse faults |
A slide UP |
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rockslide |
When rocks move downslope |
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runoff |
The flow of water that occurs when excess water from rain, meltwater, or other sources flows over the earth's surface |
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shadow zone |
An area of the Earth's surface where seismographs cannot detect an earthquake |
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shear |
Stress that causes movement in two different directions (think strike-slip) |
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slump |
Material moves downward along the curved surface of a rupture |
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spring |
Natural flow of water from the ground surface
Intersection of water table - ground surface |
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stalactites |
Precipitated calcite from above
"The TIGHTS come down" |
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stalagmites |
Precipitated calcite from below
"The MITES come up" |
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strain |
Change in size and/or shape due to the application of stress |
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stress |
Force exerted over some area that causes rocks to undergo strain |
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strike-slip faults |
A slide BACKWARD or FORWARD |
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S-waves |
Slower than P-Wave (Secondary) Move perpendicular to wave (up and down) |
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syncline |
A trough-shaped fold |
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tension |
Stress that causes extension |
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thrust faults |
A reverse fault at a very small angle
Build large mountain belts |
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water table |
The boundary below which all pore spaces are filled |
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where earthquakes occur |
Plate Boundaries and Intra-Plate (Interior of a Plate)
How to determine: S (minus) P arrival time |
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zone of aeration |
Unsaturated zone, little to no water |
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zone of saturation |
Below zone of aeration, pores are filled and saturated with water |
