Geology Test 2

Front 1

weathering

Back 1

this includes both the physical and chemical processes responsible for breaking down and chemically altering a rock

Front 2

erosion

Back 2

is the physical removal of rock particles by an agent such as running water, wind, or glaciers

Front 3

transportation

Back 3

is the movement of eroded particles by agents such as rivers, ocean waves, glaciers, or wind

Front 4

mechanical

Back 4

weathering is the physical disintegration of rock, which includes several processes that breakdown rock into
smaller pieces, with little or no chemical change in the rock

Front 5

chemical

Back 5

weathering is the decomposition of rock from exposure to water and atmospheric gases

Front 6

list 6 types of mechanical weathering

Back 6

frost wedging

pressure release

plant growth

burrowing animals

salt crystal growth

thermal expansion and contraction

Front 7

is responsible for transforming rocks and minerals exposed to water and air into new chemical products

Back 7

chemical weathering

Front 8

list 3 types of chemical weathering

Back 8

oxidation

hydrolysis

solution

Front 9

what is the role of oxygen in chemical weathering

Back 9

oxidation

Front 10

the role of water during chemical weathering includes

Back 10

hydrolysis

Front 11

where hydrogen ions actually replace positive ions in minerals,
and _solution__, where ions of a substance separate in a liquid

Back 11

hydrolysis

Front 12

is a compound that releases hydrogen ions (H
+
) when dissolved in water

Back 12

acid

Front 13

what makes acid very effective during chemical weathering

Back 13

hydrogen ion substitution

Front 14

what is the single most effective agent of chemical weathering because it’s the most abundant at the Earth’s surface

Back 14

carbonic acid

Front 15

what are geologic hazards created by the solution weathering of the sedimentary rock limestone.

Back 15

sinkholes

Front 16

results when adjacent rocks, or bodies of rock, weather at different rates due to differences in composition.

Back 16

differential weathering

Front 17

what affects the rate of chemical weathering (4)

Back 17

fractures

particle size

climate

parent material

Front 18

what is regolith consisting of weathered materials, air, water, and organic matter able to support vegetation

Back 18

soil

Front 19

loam

Back 19

refers to a soil of approximately equal amounts of sand, silt, and clay

Front 20

Sand plays an important role in productive soils because it keeps the soil (2)

Back 20

loose

aerated

Front 21

Clay also plays an important role in productive soils because it helps retain

Back 21

water

nutrients

Front 22

The soil horizons in order starting at the surface going down are:

Back 22

O

A

E

B

C

Front 23

what horizon is rich in organic matter and contributes to the formation of acids that accelerate leaching

Back 23

A

Front 24

what horizon, also known as the “zone of leaching” is characterized by the downward movement of water and removal of clay. 24

Back 24

E

Front 25

what horizon, also known as the “zone of accumulation” is characterized by the accumulation of clay from the above horizon

Back 25

B

Front 26

Factors that control soil characteristics include (5)

Back 26

parent

climate

material

time

slope

Front 27

what 2 categories make up sedimentary rocks

Back 27

detrital

chemical

Front 28

what is the process by which sediment grains are selected and separated by agents of transportation

Back 28

sorting

Front 29

what can be inferred about the transport history of a rounded rock

Back 29

distance traveled

Front 30

what is the removal of sharp edges and corners of rock fragments during transportation. What can be inferred about the
transport history from this characteristic

Back 30

rounding

Front 31

what is "well-sorted"

Back 31

all grains are the same size

Front 32

what is poorly sorted

Back 32

sediment of all different sizes

Front 33

what is the term for the processes that convert loose sediment into sedimentary rock. Describe the two process involved
in this process

Back 33

lithification

-compaction= weight bearing down

-cementation=water being drawn out

Front 34

what characterizes a depostitional environment

Back 34

physical

chemical

biological

(beach lake stream)

Front 35

what is the collective name for loose, unconsolidated, solid particles that originate from

Back 35

sediment

Front 36

detrital

Back 36

the weathering and
erosion of preexisting rocks

Front 37

chemical

Back 37

chemical precipitation from solution

Front 38

________sediment particles are classified and defined according to the size of individual grains

Back 38

detrital

Front 39

what are the four detrital grain sizes according to the wentworth scale

Back 39

Gravel

Sand

Silt

Clay

Front 40

what are 3 types of sandstone

Back 40

quartz

arkose

graywacke

Front 41

list 3 ways in which a source area can be determined from studying the composition of sediment

Back 41

-grain size decreses when moving away from the source

- sediment thickness

- depositional features