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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
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A compositional group of igneous rocks, indicating that the rock contains at least 25 percetn dark silicate minerals. The other dominant minteral is plagioclase feldspar.
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Andesitic or intermediate composition
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The formation or growth of a crystalline solid from a liquid or gas.
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Crystallization
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A compositional group of igneous rocks indicating the rock is composed almost entirely of light-colored silicates
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Felsic or granitic composition
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The matrix of smaller crystals within an igneous rock that has prohyritic texture
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Groundmass
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Magma that reaches earth's surface
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Lava
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The liquid portion of magma excluding the solid crystals
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Melt
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Conspicuously large crystal embedded in a matrix of finer-grained crystals.
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Phenocryst
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A compositional group of igneous rocks containing mostly olivine and pyroxene.
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Ultramafic composition
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A texture of igneous rocks in which the crystals are too small for individual minerals to be distinguished without the aid of a microscope.
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Aphanitic Texture
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During the crystallization of magma, the earlier-formed minerals are denser than the liquid portion oand settle to the bottom of the magma chamber.
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Crystal settling
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An igneous rock texture resulting from the consolidation of individual rock fragments that are ejected during a violent volcanic eruption.
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Pyroclastic texture
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A highly heated mixture, largely of ash and pumice fragments, traveling down the flanks of a volcano or along the surface of the ground.
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Pyroclastic flow
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A compositional group of igneous rocks indicating that the rock contains substantial dark silicate minterals and calcium-rich plagioclase feldspar.
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Mafic or Basaltic composition
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The process by which most igneous rocks melt.
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Partial melting
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Igneous rocks that form at depth. Named after the god of the lower world in classical mythology
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Plutonic rock
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A term applied to aphanitic igneous rocks that contain many snmall cavities called vesicles.
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Vesicular texture
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Pertaining to the activities, structures, or rock types of a volcano.
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Volcanic
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Gaseous components of magma dissolved in the melt. Will readily vaporize at surface temperature.
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Volatiles
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An igneous rock texture characterized by two distinctively different crystal sizes. The larger crystals are called phenocrysts, whereas the matrix of smaller crystals is termed the groundmass.
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Porphyritic Texture
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An igneous rock with a porphyritic texture.
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Porphyry
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A body of molten rock found at depth, including any dissolved gases and crystals.
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Magma
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The process of altering the composition of a magma through the mixing of material from another magma body.
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Magma mixing
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The process of generating more than one rock type from a single magma.
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Magmatic differentiation
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A compositional group of igneous rocks, indicating that the rock contains at least 25 percent dark silicate minerals. The other dominant mineral is plagioclase feldspar.
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Intermediate composition
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Igneous rock that formed below Earth's surface
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Intrusive rock
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A term used to describe the texture of certain igneous rocks, such as obsidian, that contain no crystals.
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Glassy
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Natural glass produced when molten lava cools too rapidly to permit recrystallization. Solid composed of unordered atoms.
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Glass (volcanic)
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Igneous activity that occurs at Earth's surface
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Extrusive
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A concept that illustrates the relationships between magma and the minerals crystallizing from it during the formation of igneous rocks.
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Bowen's reaction series
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In igneous activity, the process of incorporating country rock into a magma body.
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Assimilation
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