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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Geology
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The Science that studies 1) Earth’s Material 2) Earth’s History 3)Processes that
Shape the Earth |
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What is the roll of geology in society
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To manage the our natural rescources/Hazard Control
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Parts of an Atom
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Nucleus, Neutron, Proton, Electron
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Ion
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A charged Atom
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Isotope
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An atom with a different number of neutrons in the nucleus
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cation
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An ion with a positive charge
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Anion
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An ion with a negative charge
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Ionic Bond
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Transfer of electrons between cation and anion. Medium Strength.
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Covalent Bond
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Sharing of electrons between atoms. Strong Bond
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Metallic
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Electrons are shared but move around freely.conduct electricity
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Van der Walls Bonds
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Weak, sheets.
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How does bond strength relate to mineral hardness?
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The stronger the bond the harder the mineral.
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What are the most common elements on Earth, by weight?
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Silicon and Oxygen
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What are the requirements a substance must meet to be a mineral?
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1) Certain chemical formula
2) A specific shape 3) Inorganic process 4) Naturally Formed 5) Solid |
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Cleavage
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A preferred plane of weakness along which some crystals break.
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crystal form
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The outward expression of the internal arrangement of atoms.
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hardness
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A mineral’s resistance to scratching. Hardness is directly related to the strength of a bonds.
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streak
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The color of a powdered mineral.
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density
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The weight per volume of a mineral.
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Color
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Not good for identifying minerals.
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luster.
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The way in which a mineral reflects light.
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Properites of Minerals (8)
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Crystal form, Habit, Cleavage, Hardness, Luster, Color, Streak, Density
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What is the Moss hardness scale?
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A unit less comparison of relative hardness of minerals.
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Rock
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a coherent, naturally occurring solid, consisting of an aggregate of one or more minerals, or a mass of natural glass or organic matter.
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Plutonic
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An igneous rock that cools underground
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Volcanic
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An igneous rock that cools above ground.
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Freeze
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Freezing occurs as a substance transitions from a liquid to a solid. Rock change from liquid to solids at between 800 and 1200 degrees C.
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Aphanitic
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Fine grained, above ground, Lava. Igneous Rocks
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Phaneritic
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Coarse Grained, below ground, Magma. Igneous Rocks
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Magma
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molten material below the Earth's surface
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Lava
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Molten material above the Earth's surface
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Intrusive
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cools and solidifies below the Earth's surface.
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Extrusive
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cools and solidifies above the Earths' surface.
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Mafic
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low SiO2, high Iron Magnesium. Dark
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Felsic/Silicic
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high SiO2, aluminum, calcium, sodium. light
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Visoscity
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resistance to flow. Viscosity increases as silica content increases.
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Texture
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Ovedrall appearance, related to size, shape, and arrangement of minerals. Related to cooling history, not chemistry.
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What are the sources of heat that causes rocks to melt?
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radioactive decay
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What factors control melting?
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Tempurature, Pressure, Water Content.
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Prune Effect theory
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The molten Earth cools and contracts
The crust wrinkles and crumples Mountains form |
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Expanding Earth theory.
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20th century - radioactive decay
Land masses are ripped apart Explains the continents |
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Continental Drift theory.
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- An idea before its time
- Alfred Wegener 1915 - Processor to plate tectonics |
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lines of evidence supporting the Continental Drift theory (5)
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Matching Coastlines
Matching Geology Glacial Deposits Fossil Evidence Apparent Polar Wandering |
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Pangaea
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super-continent 200 million years ago
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Plate Tectonics
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Tectonic cycle- deals with the movement and interactions of the lithospheric plates.
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driving force behind Plate Tectonics
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convection currents, radioactive decay
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Which is older, oceanic or continental crust?
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Continental
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three types of plate boundaries
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Divergent, Transform, Convergent.
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Divergent
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Two going apart, rift valleys, spreading seas
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Transorms
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Two rubbing, earthquakes
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Convergent
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Two meeting, volacnoes, mountains.
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main types of weathering(2)
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Mechanical and Chemical
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different types of mechanical weathering (5)
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Frost, Salt, Biological, Unloading, Thermal
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different types of Chemical weathering (3)
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Ion exchange, dissolution, Oxidation
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Frost Wedging
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water penetrates into cracks, expands when it freezes
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Salt Wedging
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growth of minerals in cracks
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Biological Wedging
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plant roots penetrate into cracks causing cracks to widen
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Unloading
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removal of deep burial
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Thermal expansion
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repeated daily heating and cooling of rock
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Ion Exchange
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H+ replaces other cations
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Dissolution
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mineral completly dissolves, only ions
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Oxidation
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reaction in which elements gain/lose electrons
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which influence the rate of weathering (3)
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Rock Structures, Topography, Climate
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regolith
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blanket of loose, weatherd rock debris covering unweathered bedrock.
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soil
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uppermost part of regolith
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How does water transport material?
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Saltation, Bed load, Suspension load
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How does wind transport material?
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saltation, bed load, suspension load
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How does ice transport material?
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Plowing, Plucking, Abrasion
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