Geology Test

Front 1

Geologic process in mountains

Back 1

1. Uplift

2. Metamorphism

3. Deformation

Front 2

Where do mountains occur ?

Back 2

Elongated linear belts

Front 3

Mountain building process?

Back 3

Orogenesis

Front 4

Mountain building involves

Back 4

1. Deformation

2. Jointing

3. Faulting

4. Partial melting

5. Folding

Front 5

Mountain building involves

Back 5

6. Foilation

7. Metamorphism

8. Glaciation

9. Erosion

10. Sedimentation

Front 6

Young mountains are?

Back 6

1. High

2. Steep

3. Still grow upwards

Front 7

Middle aged mountains are?

Back 7

Dissected by erosion

Front 8

Old aged mountains are ?

Back 8

Deeply eroded and often buried

Front 9

Orogenesis applies force to ?

Back 9

Rocks

Front 10

Orogenesis causes ?

Back 10

Deformation

Front 11

Types of deformation?

Back 11

1. Bending

2. Breaking

3. Shortening

4. Stretching

5. Shearing

Front 12

Change in shape via deformation is called ?

Back 12

Strain

Front 13

Structural geology is the study of?

Back 13

Rock Deformation

Front 14

Deformation strains creates ?

Back 14

Geological structures

Front 15

Types of Geological structures?

Back 15

1. Joints

2. Folds

3. Faults

4. Foiliation

Front 16

Joints

Back 16

Fractures that have no offset

Front 17

Folds

Back 17

Layers that are bent by slow plastic flow

Front 18

Faults

Back 18

Fractures that are offset

Front 19

Foilation

Back 19

Planar metamorphic fabric

Front 20

Deformation changes?

Back 20

The character of rocks

Front 21

Undeformed (unstained)

Back 21

Horizontal beds, spherical sand grains, no folds or faults

Front 22

Deformed (strained)

Back 22

Tilted beds, metamorphic alterations, foldings, and faulting

Front 23

Deformation happens because of ?

Back 23

1. Displacement

2. Rotation

3. Distortion

Front 24

Displacement

Back 24

Change in location

Front 25

Rotation

Back 25

Change in orientation

Front 26

Distortion

Back 26

Change in shape

Front 27

Strain is ?

Back 27

The change in shape caused by Deformation

Front 28

Types of strain?

Back 28

1. Stretching

2. Shortening

3. Shear

Front 29

Stretching

Back 29

Pulling apart

Front 30

Shortening

Back 30

Squeezing together

Front 31

Shear

Back 31

Sliding past

Front 32

2 major Deformation

Back 32

1. Ductile

2. Brittle

Front 33

Type of Deformation depends on ?

Back 33

T and P conditions

Front 34

Brittle

Back 34

Rock breaks by fracturing

Front 35

Ductile

Back 35

Rocks deform by flowing and folding, occurs at higher P and T in the deeper crust.

Front 36

Transition occurs at ?

Back 36

10-15km

Front 37

What causes strain ?

Back 37

Stress causes by force acting on a rock.

Front 38

Stress is ?

Back 38

Force applied across a unit area

Front 39

A large force per are results?

Back 39

In much Deformation

Front 40

A small force on a area results?

Back 40

In little Deformation

Front 41

Types of stress

Back 41

1. Compressional

2. Tensional

3. Shear

Front 42

Compressional

Back 42

Squeezing

Front 43

Tensional

Back 43

Pulling apart

Front 44

Shear

Back 44

Sliding past

Front 45

Tectonic collision produces?

Back 45

Horizontal compression

Front 46

Horizontal compression shortens and what else ?

Back 46

Thickens materials.

Front 47

Horizontal tension drives?

Back 47

Crustal rifting

Stretches and thickens material.

Front 48

Shear stress neither does what to crust ?

Back 48

Thickens nor thins crust.

Front 49

Pressure occurs when ?

Back 49

Object feels the same stress on all sides

Front 50

Joints are rock fractures with no ?

Back 50

Offset

Front 51

Joints develope from ?

Back 51

Tectonic stress in brittle rock

Front 52

Symmetrical joints occur in ?

Back 52

Parallel sets.

Front 53

Joints often control ?

Back 53

Weathering of the rock they occur in

Front 54

Water often flows through ?

Back 54

Joints

Front 55

Joints filled with minerals are called?

Back 55

Veins

Front 56

Faults vary by types of stress and?

Back 56

Crustal level

Front 57

The amount of offset is a measure called?

Back 57

Displacement

Front 58

Direction of block motion reflects the ?

Back 58

Crustal stress and defines the type of fault.

Front 59

On a dipping fault, the blocks are classified as the ?

Back 59

Hanging wall block, (above the fault line)

Footwall block is (below the fault line)

Front 60

Dip slip

Back 60

Blocks move parallel to the dip of the rock

Front 61

Strike slip

Back 61

Blocks move parallel to fault plane strike

Front 62

Oblique slip

Back 62

Both dip slip and strike slip

Front 63

Reverse fault

Back 63

Hanging wall moves up the fault slope

Front 64

Normal fault

Back 64

Hanging wall moves down the fault slope

Front 65

Thrust fault

Back 65

Special type of reverse fault

Front 66

Older rocks are placed ?

Back 66

On top of younger rocks

Front 67

Faults can thrust sheets ?

Back 67

100s of km

Front 68

Large strike slip faults may?

Back 68

Slice the entire crust

Front 69

Right lateral

Back 69

Opposite block moves to the observers right

Front 70

Left lateral

Back 70

Opposite block moves to the observers left

Front 71

Brittle faulting results in ?

Back 71

Shattered and crushed rock

Front 72

Fault breccia consists of?

Back 72

Rock fragments along a fault

Front 73

Fault gouge is made of ?

Back 73

Pulverized powdered rock

Front 74

Slickensides and linear grooves are ?

Back 74

Slip lineations

Front 75

Scarps are visible when?

Back 75

Faults intersects the surface

Front 76

Fault zones with breccia and gouge?

Back 76

Preferentially erode

Front 77

Fault zones may be mineralized by ?

Back 77

Fluid flow

Front 78

Ductile faults create ?

Back 78

Plastically deformed rocks

Front 79

In ductile faults rocks don't break they ?

Back 79

Intensely shear

Front 80

Rocks from ductile shear zones are called ?

Back 80

Mylonites

Front 81

Thrust fault system

Back 81

Shingle fault blocks on top of one another

Front 82

Thrust fault system result from?

Back 82

Horizontal compression

Front 83

Fault blocks slide where?

Back 83

Away from one another

Front 84

Fault dips often what ?

Back 84

Decrease with depth, joining a detachment

Front 85

Fault blocks rotate to create what?

Back 85

Half-graben basins

Front 86

Normal fault systems act to what ?

Back 86

Stretch and thin the crust

Front 87

Oregenic settings produce what ?

Back 87

Large volumes of folded rocks

Front 88

Folded rocks may record what ?

Back 88

Multiple events of deformation.

Front 89

A hinge is a ?

Back 89

A line along which the curvature is the greatest

Front 90

Limbs are what?

Back 90

Less curved sides of a fold

Front 91

Axial plane connects hinges of what?

Back 91

Successive layers

Front 92

Anticline is a ?

Back 92

Fold that looks like an arch

Front 93

The limbs of a anti anticline do what ?

Back 93

Limbs dip out and away from hinge

Front 94

A syncline is a fold that does what?

Back 94

Opens up like a through

Front 95

The limbs of a syncline does what ?

Back 95

Dips inwards and towards hinge

Front 96

Monocline is a fold that does what?

Back 96

Fold like a carpet draped over a stair step.

Front 97

Monoclines are generated by ?

Back 97

Blind faults in the basement rocks

Front 98

Monoclines do or do not cut through the surfaces

Back 98

They do not

Front 99

How are folds described ?

Back 99

1. By their severity

2. Geometry of the hinge

Front 100

Open fold

Back 100

Has a large angle between limbs

Front 101

Tight fold

Back 101

Has a small angle between limbs

Front 102

A plunging fold has a hinge that is?

Back 102

Tilted

Front 103

A non-plunging fold has a hinge that is ?

Back 103

Horizontal

Front 104

What kind of fold is a basin fold ?

Back 104

Looks like an upright bowl, and exposed younger rock in the middle.

Front 105

A dome fold ?

Back 105

Looks like a overturned bowl, and has older rocks in the center

Front 106

2 ways folds develope?

Back 106

In flexural slip and passive flow

Front 107

In flexural slip layers do what?

Back 107

Slide past one another

Front 108

What does a flexural slip resemble ?

Back 108

Deck of cards being bent

Front 109

Passive flow folds are formed how ?

Back 109

Hot, soft, ductile rock at high T

Front 110

Horizontal compression causes rock to do what ?

Back 110

Buckle

Front 111

Shear causes rocks to do what ?

Back 111

Smear out.

Front 112

When layers move over step shaped faults they ?

Back 112

Fold

Front 113

Foiliation is a result of what?

Back 113

Shearing

Front 114

With what kind of rock does foiliation occur?

Back 114

Ductile rocks

Front 115

Orogenesis creates what types of rocks?

Back 115

Igneous and metamorphic

Front 116

Earthquakes have kill how many people in the past 2000 year ?

Back 116

3.5 million

Front 117

What is the most common reason for a earthquake?

Back 117

Fault slip

Front 118

Hypocenter

Back 118

Place where fault slip occurs

Front 119

Epicenter

Back 119

Land surface right above the hypocenter

Front 120

Footwall

Back 120

Fault below the fault

Front 121

Hanging wall

Back 121

Block above the fault

Front 122

Normal fault

Back 122

Moves down relative to the footwall

Front 123

What does normal faults result from ?

Back 123

Frok extension, pull apart or stretching

Front 124

Reverse fault

Back 124

Hanging wall moves up relative to footwall

Front 125

What does reverse faults result from?

Back 125

Compression, squeezing or Shortening

Front 126

The slop(dip) of fault is ?

Back 126

Steep

Front 127

Thrust fault

Back 127

A special kind of reverse fault

Front 128

The slope(dip) of a thrust fault is ?

Back 128

Less steep

Front 129

Common fault type for thrust fault is ?

Back 129

Compressional mountain belts

Front 130

Strike slip fault

Back 130

2 blocks laterally sliding past eachother

Front 131

Displacement

Back 131

The amount of movement across a fault

Front 132

Active faults

Back 132

Ongoing stresses produce motion

Front 133

Inactive faults

Back 133

Motion occured in geological past

Front 134

Fault trace shows ?

Back 134

Faults intercepting the ground.

Front 135

Displacement in the land surface creates ?

Back 135

A fault scarp

Front 136

Blind faults are ?

Back 136

Invisible

Front 137

Once created a fault remains a zone of ?

Back 137

Weakness

Front 138

Elastic strain

Back 138

Rock bends slightly without breaking

Front 139

Faults move in ?

Back 139

Jumps

Front 140

Once movement starts it quickly stops due to what ?

Back 140

Friction

Front 141

Stick and slip behavior

Back 141

Stick- friction prevents motion

Slip- friction is briefly overwhelmed by motion

Front 142

Foreshock

Back 142

Smaller tremors indicating crack development in rock

Front 143

Aftershocks usually follow a large?

Back 143

Earthquake, may occur for weeks or years afterwards

Front 144

Displacement is greater near ?

Back 144

The hypocenter

Front 145

Brittle Deformation

Back 145

Rock cracks and breaks

Front 146

Body waves cross through ?

Back 146

Earths interior

Front 147

P-waves

Back 147

Primary or compressional waves

Front 148

P-waves travel by?

Back 148

Compressing and expanding materials

Front 149

Are P-waves fast?

Back 149

Yes

Front 150

P-waves travel through ?

Back 150

Solids, liquids, and gases

Front 151

S-waves (secondary waves)

Back 151

Move material back and forward

Front 152

Are s-slower than p-waves ?

Back 152

Yes

Front 153

S-waves travel in what way

Back 153

Perpendicular (up and down)

Front 154

S-waves only travel through?

Back 154

Solids, never liquids or gases

Front 155

L-waves

Back 155

S-waves that intersect Surface, waves that are slow and destructive, move like a snake

Front 156

R-waves (rayleigh waves)

Back 156

P-waves that intersect surface, causes ripples like water up and down. Dies with depth.

Front 157

Seismographs

Back 157

Frame moves and pen records that movement

Front 158

Order of earthquake?

Back 158

1. P wave

2. S wave

3. Surface wave

Front 159

2 measurements of earthquakes?

Back 159

1. Intensity

2. Magnitude

Front 160

Intensity

Back 160

Severity of damage

Front 161

Magnitude

Back 161

Amount of ground motion.

Front 162

Mercalli intensity scale

Back 162

Measured in Roman numerical numbers, level of damage.

Front 163

Modified mercalli scale

Back 163

Degree of shaking damage

I through XII

Front 164

Magnitude scales are logarithmic

Back 164

M6.0 is 10x bigger than Mg

5.0

M7.0 is 1000x bigger than M4.0

Front 165

Mg6.0 has the same energy of

Back 165

Hiroshima bomb

Front 166

Mg1.0 increases by?

Back 166

32x

Front 167

Mg3.0 earthquakes occur?

Back 167

~100,000 times a year

Front 168

M7 earthquakes occur?

Back 168

32x a year

Front 169

Shallow earthquakes are ?

Back 169

Divergent and transform boundaries

Front 170

Intermediate and deep earthquakes are ?

Back 170

Convergent boundaries

Front 171

Shallow are how deep

Back 171

10km

Front 172

Divergent plate boundaries and MOS create ?

Back 172

Normal and strike slip fault

Front 173

P waves moves in what way ?

Back 173

Up and down

Front 174

S waves go in what direction ?

Back 174

Back and forth

They are stronger that p waves and more destructive

Front 175

L waves move in what way?

Back 175

Move like a snake and follow s waves

Front 176

R waves move in what way ?

Back 176

Ripples on a pond

Last the longest and cause alot of damage.

Front 177

Pyroclastic debris

Back 177

Fragments blown out of volcano

Front 178

Lava flow depends on ?

Back 178

1. Temp.

2. Gas content

3. Composition especially SiO2, fe and mg content

Front 179

Mafic lava

Back 179

1. Very Hot

2. Low silica

3. Low viscosity

Front 180

Basalt flow

Back 180

1. Flow fast

2. Flow for long distance

Front 181

Lava tubes

Back 181

Conduist for basaltic lava

Front 182

Lava tubes prevents ?

Back 182

Cooling

Front 183

Pahoehoe

Back 183

Glassy ropy texture

Front 184

Pahoehoe forms when ?

Back 184

Extreme hot basalt forms a skin

Front 185

With flow of pahoehoe skin does what ?

Back 185

Gets rolled into rope like ridges and furrows

Front 186

Ah ah

Back 186

Basalt that solidifies into jagged, sharp and angular texture

Front 187

Pillow basalt

Back 187

Round basalt that cooled in water

Common in mid ocean ridges

Front 188

Rhyolitic lava flow

Back 188

1. Highest SiO2

2. Most viscous lava

3. Rarley flows

4. Block vent as a lava dome

Front 189

Basaltic eruptions

Back 189

Ejects clots and drops of molten lava

Front 190

Lapili

Back 190

Pea sized fragments

Front 191

Pele's tears

Back 191

Frozen droplets

Front 192

Pele's hair

Back 192

Thin glass strands

Front 193

Blocks

Back 193

Large fragments

Front 194

Pyroclastic

Back 194

Material accumulated from clouds of debris

Front 195

Volcani sedimentary

Back 195

Material moved after deposition

Front 196

Lahar

Back 196

Water rich debris flow of ash and blocks

Front 197

How fast can lahar move

Back 197

~50km

Front 198

What percentage of magma is gas ?

Back 198

1-9%

Front 199

What gases are in magma ?

Back 199

1. Water

2. Carbon dioxide

3. Sulfur dioxide

Front 200

P drops

Back 200

Gases that are expelled as magma rises

Front 201

Low viscosity is?

Back 201

Basalt

Mellow eruption

Front 202

High viscosity is?

Back 202

Rhyolite

Violent release

Front 203

Characteristics of a volcano

Back 203

1. Magma chamber

2. Fissure and vents

3. Craters

4. Calders

Front 204

Types of volcanoes

Back 204

Shield

Cinder

Stratovolcanoe

Front 205

Fissure eruptions

Back 205

May display curtain of fire

Front 206

Crater

Back 206

Bowl shaped depression on top of a volcano

Front 207

Caldera

Back 207

Gigantic volcano depression

Front 208

Stratovolcanoes are ?

Back 208

Large coned shaped with steep slopes

Front 209

Geologic settings of volcanoes

Back 209

Mid ocean ridges

Convergent boundaries

Continental rifts

Hot spots

Front 210

Most volcanoes are at what geological feature?

Back 210

Convergent boundaries

Front 211

Partial melting of mantle causes ?

Back 211

Mafic magma

Front 212

Partial melting in crust causes ?

Back 212

Felsic magmas

Front 213

Continental hot spot example?

Back 213

Yellow stone. Its is caldera

Front 214

Example of MOR

Back 214

Ice lands hot spot

Front 215

Aerosols

Back 215

Causes respiratory problems in people

Front 216

Recurrence level of volcanoes

Back 216

1. Avtive

2. Dormant

3. Extinct