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140 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is geology?
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The study of rocks
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What is an atom and what are they composed of?
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An atom is the smallest unit of an element that has the property of the element. Atoms are composed of neutrons, protons, and electrons
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What is the nucleus composed of?
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packed neutrons and protons and cloud of electrons surrounding the nucleus in orbital energy shells
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What does the atomic mass consist of?
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It consists of the mass of the nucleus since electrons are so much smaller
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What is the atomic number?
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The chemical properties of an element depend on the number of protons in the nucleus. The number of protons in the nucleus is known as the atomic number of the element
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Atoms can bond by loaning...
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electrons
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What is an isotope?
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The number of protons in the atoms of each element is constant but the number of neutrons changes sometimes. Those atoms with different mass numbers are known as isotopes of the element.
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The electrons in the outermost shell are known as.... because....
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Valence electrons. They largely determine the chemical behavior of an element
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Is the outer most shell complete in all elements
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No in fact, most elements do not have a complete outer most shell?
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What are the three types of bonding?
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Ionic, covalent, and metallic
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What happens in ionic bonding?
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The gaining or losing of electrons
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What happens in covalent bonds?
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There is no electron exchange, but rather sharing. No ions are formed
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What happens in metallic bonding?
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Free state electrons hold together the positive metallic ions ( Electrons are not attached to any particular ion)
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What 8 elements make up almost entirely the earths crust?
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Oxygen, Silicon, Sodium, Potassium, Aluminum, Iron, Calcium, Magnesium
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Of the 8 elements that make up the earths crust which to are the most abundant?
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Oxygen and Silicon
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What percent of oxygen is contained within the earths crust?
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46.60
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What percent of the earth's crust is composed of Si?
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27.72
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What percent of the earth's crust is composed of aluminum
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18.13
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What percent of the earth's crust is composed of iron
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5.00
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What percent of the earth's crust is composed of calcium
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3.63
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What percent of the earth's crust is composed of sodium
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2.83
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What percent of the earth's crust is composed of potassium
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2.59
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What percent of the earth's crust is composed of magnesium
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2.09
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What are the 8 common mineral groups?
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Silicates, Carbonates, sulfide, sulfate, native elements, halides, Oxides, Phosphates, silicates,
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What is the purpose of Common Definitive Properties
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To distinguish minerals from non minerals
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What are the Common Definitive Properties?
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Naturally Occurring, homogenous inorganic solid, definite chemical composition, and orderly arranged internal crystalline structure
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Crystalline Structure:
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Any given mineral has a specific geometric arrangement, although its external size and shape may vary. This is known as the law of constancy of interfacial angles.
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what is cleavage?
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Minerals tendency to split along the planes of weakness in a crystal atomic bonding, forming smooth and orderly shaped surfaces
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What is fracture?
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Random breakage forming irregular surfaces
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Can all minerals fracture?
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Yes
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Describe the Halo effect error in performance appraisals.
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rating an employee on one performance dimension based on the evaluation in other performance dimensions
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Name the diagnostic properties
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Crystal form, luster, crystalline structure, cleavage, fracture, hardness, color, streak, special properties.
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Name the special properties
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chemical reactions, magnetism, double refraction, twinning, tenacity, diapheneity/optical properties, taste, striations
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This Common mineral group makes up more than 95% of earths crust
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Silicates
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This CMG effervesces in diluted hydrochloric acid. Common minerals include calcite and dolomite
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carbonates
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What is lava?
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Surface form magma
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What are the ultimate sources of magma?
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Mantle, usually from the partial melting in lower crust and the upper mantle
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How are igneous rocks formed?
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Crystallizing and cooling and solidification of magma. They are records of the earth's internal thermal activities
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What are the four types of magma?
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Felsic, intermediate, mafic, and ultramafic
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What are the properties of felsic magma?
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65-77% silica, with a lower temp (850 celcius) and higher viscosity. Typical crystallized minerals: Quartz and feldspar
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What are the properties of intermediate magma and what are the typical minerals that are formed?
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Contains about 60% silica, with temp around 10000 C. Typical minerals are plagioclase and amphiboles
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What are the properties of mafic or basaltic magma?
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50% silica, temp around 900 to 1200 C and high fluidity. Typical crystallized minerals: olivine, pyroxene
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If magma cools slow what types of crystals are formed ?
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Large crystals
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If magma cools fast what types of crystals are formed?
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Fine
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If magma cools very fast what is formed?
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Glass
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What is the crystallization order known as
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Bowen Reaction Series
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Define intrusive structure
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Magma rises because it is less dense than the surrounding solid rocks and cools down forming solid intrusions (intrusive bodies)
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What is a Batholith?
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A large mass of coarse crystalline intrusion by solidification of magma forming ancient mountain roots
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What is sill?
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Tabular intrusive body parallel to the country rock bedding, usually a shallow structure
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What is Dike:
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Linear, narrow, and nearly vertical body of igneous rocks. Generally formed where magma branched away from central magma conduits along rock fractures of country rocks
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Batholith, intrusive structure, sill, and dike are all...
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Intrusive activities
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What determines the nature of an eruption?
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Viscosity of magma (temp, comp, and gas content)
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Name some extrusive structures
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Volcanic shields, composite volcano, volcanic dome, lava flow, ash flow, fissure eruption: flood basaltic lava flow, Pillow lava, Caldera
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How are igneous rocks classified?
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By texture and composition
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What are the 2 types of textures for igneous rocks?
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Intrusive and extrusive
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What are the 4 types of compositions for igneous rocks?
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Felsic, intermediate, mafic, ultramafic
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Define Vitreous
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Glassy, no crystals
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Define aphanitic
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Fine grained, difficult to see crystals
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define phaneritic
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course grained
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Vesicular
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lots of holes
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porphyritic
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Some large crystals in a finer matrix, two stages of cooling
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Porphyritic-Phaneritic:
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large crystals in a phaneritic matrix
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Porphyritic-aphanetic
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Phenocrysts (large crystals) in an aphanetic matrix
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Pegmatitic
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Very course grained
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Pyroclastic
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Volcanic ashes welded together with angular rock fragments
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This is an extrusive igneous rock with K-feldspar, quartz, a little biotite, and sodium plagioclase
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Rhyolite
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Intrusive rock with k feldspar, quartz, a little biotite and sodium plagioclase
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Granite
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Extrusive intermediate rock with ca plagioclase, quartz, and amphibole
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Andesite
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Intrusive intermediate rock with ca plagioclase, quartz, and amphibole
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Diorite
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Extrusive mafic rock with mostly pyroxene, ca plagioclase, and some olivine
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Basalt
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Intrusive mafic rock with mostly pyroxene, ca plagioclase, and some olivine
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Gabbro
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Extrusive ultramafic rock with mostly olivine
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Komatite
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Intrusive ultra mafic rock with mostly olivine
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Peridotite
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What are the four sources of sediments?
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Physical weathering, chemical weathering, chemical precipitation, Organic accumulation
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What are the most abundant type of rocks on the earth's surface?
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Sedimentary
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What are sedimentary rocks useful for?
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Natural resources such as fuel resource
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What are the two types of sediments?
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Clastic and non clastic
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What are clastic sediments?
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weathered rocks and mineral particles.
classified by size- course, medium, fine grained Features : Rounding and sorting |
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Non clastic sediments?
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Chemical or bio-chemical particles
classified by composition- carbonate, silicate, oxides, organic |
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What are the steps in clastic rock formation?
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Transportation, deposition, lithification
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What does transportation control?
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Sorting and rounding of sediments
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Deposition
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Location and energy control the texture and composition and fossil content
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What happens in lithification?
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Compaction and cementation
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What are the three typical agents responsible for lithification?
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Calcite, silica, and iron oxides. Iron oxides in very small quantities, but typically responsible for red, orange, and green coloration in sedimentary rocks
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Name some common clastic sedimentary rocks
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Conglomerate (rounded large clast grains)/ Breccia (angular clasts), Sandstone (Quartz sandstone, arkose), Siltstone (gritty): finer than sand, Shale (smooth), the most common sedimentary rock
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What factors govern non clastic rock formation?
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Precipitation, crystalization
Settlement of Organic remains |
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What are the most abundant non-clastic rocks?
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Carbonate rocks
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What are carbonate rocks composed of?
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The mineral calcite
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What are some common Non-clastic rocks
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Coquina, Skeletal (fossiliferous) limestone, Oolitic limestone, Micrite, Tufa, Chalk
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What is micrite and how is it formed?
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Microcrystalline limestone formed in a relatively quiet water, mainly precipitated by algae and limy mud
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how does tufa form?
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From fresh water such as spring, lake, or groundwater and cave dripping stones
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What are coals composed of?
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Compressed transformed plant matter based on calorific value
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What are other non-common non clastic rocks
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evaporites, chert, Coals
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What is transgression in terms of change in environment?
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Sea moves in: Rise of sea level. Sequence: sandstone, shale, limestone
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What is regression
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sea move out: drop of sea level
Sequence: limestone, shale, sandstone |
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What is Sequence termination?
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Limits of sedimentary environment or sudden change
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Name some sedimentary structures
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Stratification/ bedding, graded bedding, cross bedding, Fossils, Color/ripple mark/mad crack
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What are the marine sedimentary environments?
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Shallow sea, reef, and deep-sea basin
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What are the continental sedimentary environments?
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River valley, alluvial fans, desert dunes, lakes, and glacial moraine
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What are some transitional environments:
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Delta, beach, tidal flats and lagoons
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what are metamorphic rocks?
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Transformed and deformed from pre-existing rocks
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What is metamorphism:
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The process of change or deformation that causes existing minerals to recrystalize, new minerals to form, and new structures develop
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What are the three metamorphic agents?
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Temperature, pressure, and pore fluids
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Temp change of metamorphic rocks
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Make minerals unstable and break down, speed up chemical reactions, promote partial melting and recrystallization
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Pressure change of metamorphic rocks
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closer atomic packing from confining pressure
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Pressure change of metamorphic rock
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Closer atomic packing from confining pressure, ductile/plastic deformation, distinct alignment texture (foliation)
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Pore fluids of metamorphic rock
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Recrystallization and hydrothermal alteration
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Metamorphic: What is foliation?
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The parallel alignment of platy mineral particles or alternating bands
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What is slaty cleavage
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part of foliation. Fine grained with thin layers
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What is schistosity
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coarse grained with plenty of platy minerals
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gneissic banding
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coarse grained and alternate (black and white) bands
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Granular (non-foliation)
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Massive and interlocking crystals
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Regional metamorphic
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involved in large-area changes in masses of rocks in relatively high t and p conditions.
-Associated with plate tectonic collision and subduction. -Typically foliated |
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Contact metamorphic
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Temperature
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hydrothermal metamorphic rock
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water and temperature
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Shock metamorphic rocks
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meteorite
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What are the classification of metamorphic rock by metamorphism
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shock, regional, contact, shear or dynamic, hydrothermal
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What are the classification of metamorphic rock by texture
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Foliated, non-foliated
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metamorphic grade is an indicator of..
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metamorphic intensity
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What metamorphic grade is gneiss
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high grade
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What metamorphic grade is slate and phyllite?
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Low grade
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What grade is schist?
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Intermediate
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Contact metamorphic rocks
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-Temp is the dominant factor
-Shallower depth & lower pressure -Usually non-foliated rocks (Shale-->Hornfel, LS--> Marble, Quarts-->quartzite |
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What is metasomatism of Hydrothermal metamorphic rocks
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constant interchange of atom b/w fluid and country rocks, forming commonly as veins or narrow zones
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What are some characteristics of hydrothermal metamorphic rocks
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hot water from magma usually dissolves the surrounding country rocks, then transports and deposits ore minerals
-provide some primary hosts for metallic ores: Zn, Pb, Ag, Au, Cu |
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What are the typical rocks from hydrothermal metamorphic rocks?
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Pegamatites, serpentinite, soapstone
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Shale transforms to ... which can then transform into...
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slate, schist
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Rhyolite can transform into either.... or ...
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slate, schist
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Granite transforms into .... which can then transform into ....
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schist, gneiss
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Basalt transforms into .... and .....
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schist and amphibolite
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limestone transforms into ...
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marble
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Sandstone transforms into ...
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quartzite
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What is the rock cycle?
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The geologic process in which one type of rock transformed/changed into another type of rock
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What is the primary cycle?
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the processes b/w the three major types of rocks
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What is the secondary cycle?
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The changing processes within a major type of rock
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limestone transforms into ...
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marble
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Sandstone transforms into ...
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quartzite
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What is the rock cycle?
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The geologic process in which one type of rock transformed/changed into another type of rock
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What is the primary cycle?
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the processes b/w the three major types of rocks
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What is the secondary cycle?
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The changing processes within a major type of rock
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