Geology Review

Front 1

Plato's principle of plenitude

Back 1

1. the world is ideal, perfect, complete and eternal
2. species do not change, there is no need for new ones

Front 2

Aristotle's principle of continuity

Back 2

1. no sharp boundaries between species, some inhabit two different criteria
2. all species blend together, no gaps
3. world is a full as it can be

Front 3

Lamarck's theory

Back 3

1. adaptation produced by animals practicing survival and the inheritance of acquired traits
2. innate biological drive toward greater complexity leads to Great Chain of Being
3. new simple organisms being produced by "spontaneous generation"

Front 4

Lamarck's idea of adaptation

Back 4

as animals live in particular setting they practice necessary living skills, like finding food and avoiding predators

with practice, animals improve their skills and pass it on to their offspring and each generation shows a small improvement

Front 5

spontaneous generation

Back 5

Lamarck - simple life forms are produced out of non-living matter

Front 6

Darwinism

Back 6

1. organic world is not static
2. progress is slow and gradual
3. common descent
4. natural selection

Front 7

Natural selection

Back 7

1. variability exists among populations
2. individuals with genes that allow survival pass on those genes and reproduce
3. "bad" genes are removed from the population

Front 8

Taxonomy

Back 8

kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

Front 9

relative time scale

Back 9

1. paleozoic
a. cambrian
b. ordovician
c. silurian
d. devonian
e. carboniferous
f. permian

2. mesozoic
a. triassic
b. jurassic
c. cretaceous

3. cenozoic
a. paleogene
b. neogene
c. now

Front 10

origin of earth

Back 10

4.6 Ga

Front 11

oldest fossils

Back 11

3.5 Ga

Front 12

oldest crystal mineral

Back 12

4.4 Ga

Front 13

Mendel

Back 13

1. studied garden pea
2. found in hybrids, second generation traits were always 3:1
3. recessive genes are never eliminated
4. particles of heredity must occur in pairs

Front 14

Mitosis

Back 14

1. cellular division
2. homologues split and form duplicates
3. duplicates split
4. result is two exact copies of the original cell

Front 15

Meiosis

Back 15

1. cellular reproduction
2. homologues form duplicates
3. two duplicates cross over
4. four unique bodies are formed
5. homologues are separated
6. two cells formed are NOT identical to original cell
7. two cells split again to form gametes

Front 16

crick and watson

Back 16

discovered double helix in 1953

Front 17

DNA

Back 17

1. carries the hereditary information that determines the structure of proteins
2. carries the instructions that direct cells to grow and divide
3. carries the message that bring about the differentiation of fertilized eggs

Front 18

mutations

Back 18

spontaneous change in genetic material discovered by Morgan

Front 19

Morgan found that most mutations...

Back 19

1. cause small changes in morphology
2. are rare
3. are random
4. are non-adaptive - produce disorder
5. can be changed in rate, but not predicted

Front 20

the synthetic theory...

Back 20

1. living populations display variation
2. each generation produces new genetic variability because of meiosis and mutations
3. mutation is the ultimate origin of genes
4. the new genetic combinations in each generation are expressed in observable from via Mendel's laws
5. all organisms are in a struggle to survive, causing natural selection
6. genetic change eventually accumulates in the population resulting in observable change (evolution)

Front 21

SImpson...

Back 21

1. studied continuous increase in tooth size
2. found that change is slow and gradual, validating Darwin

Front 22

founder effect

Back 22

an isolated population contains only a fraction of the total genetic variation in the original species

Front 23

genetic drift

Back 23

neutral alleles shift their frequencies due to chance, the smaller the population, the bigger and faster the change

Front 24

what evidence supports the theory that a collision with the earth caused the creation of the moon?

Back 24

1. forces in the solar system cause dust and debris to coalesce into orbiting bodies
2. mercury and the moon show evidence of bombardment
3. the earth's atmosphere causes weathering of geologic features

Front 25

eukaryotes

Back 25

multicellular organisms... animals, plants, fungi... NOT bacteria

Front 26

eoraptor

Back 26

first dino

Front 27

theropod

Back 27

carnivore, bipedal, looks like raptors in jurassic park

Front 28

sauropods

Back 28

quadrupeds, herbivores, long necked

Front 29

ornithopods

Back 29

bipedal, herbivores, like the ones in jurassic park that are running through the field

Front 30

stegosaurus

Back 30

quadrapedal, herbivores, bony plates down back to control temperature

Front 31

ankylosaurs

Back 31

quadrapedal, herbavores, spikes and plates for armor on back

Front 32

ceratopsians

Back 32

quadrapedal, herbavores, horns on head - sick dino in jurassic park

Front 33

oldest fossil (stromatolites) found in...

Back 33

precambrian (proterozoic)

Front 34

ediacarian/vendian fauna found in...

Back 34

precambrian

Front 35

first animals (vertibrates/invertebrates)

Back 35

cambrian

Front 36

pikaia

Back 36

first cordate, found in burgess shale

Front 37

burgess shale discovered

Back 37

cambrian

Front 38

first fish (jawless)

Back 38

ordovician

Front 39

ostracoderms

Back 39

first fish, jawless

Front 40

placoderms

Back 40

first fish with jaws, first predators

Front 41

first land plants, spore bearing

Back 41

silurian

Front 42

amphibians, first land animals, first sharks, first seeds

Back 42

devonian (remember toadally american" - devin)

Front 43

reptiles, mostly swamps, first trees with pollen

Back 43

carboniferous

Front 44

finback reptiles, first egg, mammal like reptiles

Back 44

permain

Front 45

largest mass extinction in earth's history

Back 45

permain

Front 46

terapsids

Back 46

mammal like reptiles in permain, had carrier's constraint (can't run and breathe at same time)

Front 47

first mammals, dinos, pterosaurs

Back 47

triassic

Front 48

pterosaurs

Back 48

flying reptile, different branch than dinos

Front 49

archosaurs

Back 49

no carriers constraint, evolved into dinos, crocs and pterosaurs

Front 50

archaeopteryx

Back 50

first bird, jurasic

Front 51

plesiosaurs

Back 51

marine reptiles, long-necked similar to dinos - jurassic

Front 52

primates, pollination, flowering plants (angiosperms)

Back 52

cretaceous

Front 53

the miller experiment

Back 53

passed light through gas, formed amino acids but NOT life

Front 54

seilacher's interpretation

Back 54

1. ediacara fossils are not animals
2. may bave been photsynthetic or chmesynthetic
3. became extinct for unknown reasons

Front 55

possible causes of mass extinctions

Back 55

1. impact
2. volcanism
3. abnormal ocean - toxins in water