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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the biggest contributor to CO2 emissions
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Burning Coal
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What is a shield volcano, what igneous rocks come from them
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not very tall but wide. Fast moving basaltic lava flows out fast enough to spread out before it cools creating a wider and more chode like volcano. Basaltic igneous rocks
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what is a strato/composite volcano, what igneous rocks come from them
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builds a concave shaped composite volcano that build up continuously on top of already ejected lava and pyroclast. Andestic igneous rocks
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What is the most explosive volcano and why
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strato/composite because they are made of andestic lava which has the most silicon which makes it the most explosive. Also gas is very easily trapped due to the slow flowing andestic lava
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What is the relationship between silicon content and explosive power
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the more silicon the more boom
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what type of volcano would you find as part of an arc
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composite/strato
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what type of volcano would you find as part of an ocean island
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Shield
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Other than volcanoes, what other topographic features are extrusive rocks associated with?
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subduction zones
mid-ocean ridge/sea-floor spreading mantle plumes |
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What is the name of these types of volcanism (extrusive rock association)
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Mid-ocean ridge - Basalitic (least explosive)
subduction zone - andesitic (explosive) melting of continental crust - rhyolitic (explosive most silicon content) |
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Do silicate rocks melt generally at one specific temperature or over a range of temperatures
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Silicates melt in a process referred to as "partial melting" in which specific minerals melt off the whole rock at their specific melting point (melt over a range of temperatures)
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in general, a rock that has partially melted is MORE or LESS silistic than before? MORE or LESS dense?
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The remaining rock is
LESS silistic than before (melts first) MORE dense than before (silicon is less dense is you're losing it) |
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What processes, in general, cause mantle rocks to melt
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Temperature, pressure, and water content
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What processes cause melting in mid-ocean ridges, subduction zones, and mantle plumes
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mid ocean ridge - decompression melting
Subduction zone - fluid-enhanced melting Magma Plume - Hot spots |
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Define dike
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a vertical section of lava not parallel with country rock
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define sill
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passageway of lava horizontal/parallel to country rock
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define stock
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Smaller pluton
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define pluton
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large bodies of igneous lava formed deep within the earth (big pool of lava basically)
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define batholith
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bigger plutons
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What portion of the earth's surface is covered by sedimentary rocks?
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75%
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What are the three main types of sedimentary rocks?
what distinguishes the three, and how do they each form? |
siliclastic - form from fragments of parent rock produced by physical and chemical weathering and are transported to a sedimentary basin
Biologic - formed from the remains of organisms that precipitate minerals to form shells or skeletons chemical - formed by the precipitation of products of chemical weathering, usually at or near the place of origin. |
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How are the different types of siliciclastic sedimentary rocks classified
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by particle size.
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What is the relationship between [silici]clast size and chemical composition?
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The bigger the particle size the stronger chemical composition
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What are the main types of [silici]clastic sedimentary rocks
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coarse-grained - Conglomerate
Medium-grained - Sandstone from 2-0.062 fine-grained - Siltstone >clay |
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What kind of sedimentary rock is an evaporate? How does it form?
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carbonates - particles evaporate from the ocean and the form precipitates
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What kind of sedimentary rock is a limestone? How does it form? Name one mineral in this sedimentary rock.
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Biological - evaporate - calcite
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What kind of sedimentary rock is a iron formation? How does it form? Name one mineral in this sedimentary rock.
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Chemical - chemical weathering - Hematite
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What kind of sedimentary rock is a Coal? How does it form? Name one mineral in this sedimentary rock.
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"organic" biological - formed by organic carbon called peat - coal/Carbon
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What are the 3 most common minerals in the continental crust?
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oxygen, silicon, and aluminum
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Why did iron formations form in the past but not today?
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There was more oxygen in the air now as compared to the past and now, Iron is soluble without oxygen present
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what percent of US energy is in the form of fossil fuels?
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~86%
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what percent of US energy is in the form of oil?
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40%
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what percent of US energy is in the form of Natural gas?
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24%
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what percent of US energy is in the form of coal?
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22%
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The sun uses what kind of nuclear energy? what is it?
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Fusion
when H--->He by adding a proton |
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Nuclear fission
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Breaking up an atom
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According to the Hubbert Curve, when will/has Pennsaylvania's anthracite coal reached a very low level
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2010
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According to the Hubbert Curve, when will/has US Bituminous Coal Production reached a very low level
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2500
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According to the Hubbert Curve, when will/has Us oil production reached a very low level
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2050
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