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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Latin America |
Includes: MexicoCentral/ Middle/South AmericaMuch of the Carribean (where romantic languages are spoken) |
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Urbanization in Latin America |
Latin America has seen the fastest urbanization 78-85% urbanized, the second-most urban region in the world The challenges are that with this rapid urbanization there comes an increasing need for infrastructure, there are disparities of income, |
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Pacific Ring of Fire |
a path along the pacific ocean characterized by active volcanoes and frequent earthquakes. 75 % of the earth’s volcanoes are located in the ring of fire. This leaves the region exposed to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. |
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El Nino Climatic Pattern |
is a part of a routine climate pattern that occurs when sea surface temperatures in the tropical Pacific Ocean rise to above-normal levels for an extended period of time |
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Altitudinal Zonation |
Tierra Caliente (Hot Country) - Sea level - 3000 ft. Sugar cane, tropical fruits, lowland tubers, maize, rice, poultry, pigs, zebu cattle ex. Monterrico, Guatemala Tierra templada (Cool Country) 3001 ft - 6000 ft Coffee, maize, warm weather vegetables, cut flowers, shorthorn cattle ex. Mexico Tierra Fria (Cold Country) 6001 ft - 12000ft Wheat, barley, maize, cool- weather vegetables, apples, pears, dairying, shorthorn cattle ex. Tierra Fria (in the Andes) Tierra Helada (Frost country) 12001 to 15000ft Highland grains and tubers, sheep, guinea pigs, llama, alpaca, vicuna (El Alto Bolivia) |
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Subsistence Agriculture in Latin America |
farming is mostly done to directly feed the farmer and the farmers family |
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Informal Economy in Latin America |
enterprises that are not regulated or protected by the state. Originally applied to self-employment. Has been expanded to include wage employment and unprotected jobs. Makes up close to 50% of employment in Latin America |
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remittances |
Temporary workers work abroad and send remittances back home to their families. |
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The War on Drugs |
US initiative to curb the trade of Cocaine. This was initiated by the nixon administration. |
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Coca vs Cocaine |
Coca: Culturally important in Andean region for thousands of yearsReligious ceremonies, blessingsHomeopathic + natural medicineCoca ColaHardy plant speciesHigh monetary value because of the cocaine trade Cocaine:Non-traditionalChemically alteredGrowers of cocoa are distant from the processing |
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Pre Columbian Empires |
indigenous civilizations |
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Maya: |
southern Mexico, Belize, Guatemala. A highly complex civilization. Agriculture focused on Maize Squash, Beans, and Chili peppers. Peaked around 900CE, the reason of decline is unknown |
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Aztecs |
Founded in 1325 - now overlain by Mexico City. An active market place that is linked by roads to other parts of the settlement. Empire stretching across central Mexico. Awareness of interconnection between Nature and society. Woodworking, weaving, pottery, and urban design. Many reasons for the decline but linked with colonization and wars with the spanish |
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Incas |
Largest Empire in pre-Columbian AmericaRelied on both conquest and assimilationEmpire was 3200 miles longGoverning centre was Cusco, PeruRoads, bridges, and settlements that supported the empireHad control for around 100 years before the arrival of the Spanish conquistadores; were eventually conquered in 1572 |
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The Cold War |
initiatives of America to halt the spread of communism. Led to strife in the northern triangle, which includes the nations of Guatemala el Salvador and Honduras. |
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Migrant |
Migrant - A person who is outside their country or region. More often used for those without permanent status in the country they live. |
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Refugee |
A person who is forced to flee from prosecution |
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Convention Refugee |
Convention Refugee - A person who meets the refugee definition in the 1951 Geneva Convention. A well-founded feeling of persecution due to race, religion, nationality, membership of a certain group or political opinion |
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Internally displaced person |
a person who has been forcibly displaced but is still within the borders of their home country. |
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Immigrant |
Immigrant - Settled permanently in another country. Done by choice, whereas refugees are forced out. |
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Permanent resident |
granted permanent resident status in Canada. Can be a refugee or immigrant. Once they become Canadian citizens they are no longer permanent residents |
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Temporary resident |
a person who has permission to remain in Canada on a temporary basis. (students, temporary workers, and visitors) |
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Push factors |
Poverty and unemploymentColonial history and uneven developmentPhysical/economic geographyPlantation crops vs arable farmlandClimate changeViolenceOften interlinked with economicsDrug warsGangs: transnational + interlinked with the USHistoric foreign intervention |
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Pull Factors |
Employment options Standard of living Family and kinship ties Safety The American dream |
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Guatemalan Civil War 1960 to 1966 |
Perceived communist threat: United states backed Coup d’etat of leftist government until 1954. Military regime installed1960 a rebellion began to overthrow the military regimeExtensive human rights abuses, particularly for the indigenous people who were seen to be allied with the guerrillasUS consistently supported the military government, even throughout human rights abusesMore than 200 000 killed. 83% were MayanOngoing quest for justice |
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South and East Asia |
3 significant sub regions East asia South Asia South-East Asia Indonesia One-Quarter of the earth's landmass Half of the world's population: 3.6 billion people. China + India make up 37% of the world population |
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Population Growth Patterns |
Postindustrial Japan is worrying about a declining population India predicted to overtake China as the world's most populous country by 2030 (but with wild card influences such as public health + health geography) |
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Health Geography |
how space and place influence health + health determinants.Main themes: disease ecology, access to health services |
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Disease ecology |
how species interaction + abiotic process affects the patterns in which diseases spread |
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Population distribution |
Most of the population is in India and China, some population-dense areas in Japan, parts of the islands and the Philippines |
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Population control policies |
population halted by the one-child policy which ended in October 2015 |
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Monsoons |
A climate that is overall characterized by spring and summer precipitation and a long dry season. Has different impacts on different regions. India and other parts of South Asia and AustraliaCaused by the difference in which land and sea absorb heat |
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Economic + political geographies of china |
Rapidly rising GDP, converged with the US in 2014 30 years of state capitalism: when the state undertakes mos of the commercial activity Low labour cost for most of this period, this is now changing Dramatic annual growth rates (9% per year between 1990 and 2014) Shift from low manufacturing value to high High tech, with low valueIncreased environmental degradation Increased social disruption (rising ethnic nationalism, challenged relationship with hong kong in 2019) |
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US/CANADA |
5% of the world's population 13% of the world's land surface Richest world region Largest environmental footprint in the world |
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Physical Geography |
Diverse natural environments Presenting a vast array of opportunities for land use and settlement It is important to consider how landforms have promoted or hindered human uses and how climates have also done the same Canada is a slightly larger area Canada and US share the longest border in the worldPopulation US = 327 million Population Canada = 37 million |
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Challenges with Urbanization in Canada and US |
Canadians and Americans are overwhelmingly urban - 80-82% are city dwellers Affordable housing Transportation Segregation |
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Population Distribution |
Many people living east and around the coastline of the US. |
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The Multiculturalism Act |
made all citizens equal, and enabled them to preserve their culture |
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Treaties |
A treaty is a formal agreement between two or more nations, which recognize specific rights and responsibilities set out within the context of the treaty |
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The peace and friendship treaties (1725-1779) |
rights to hunt, fish and gather in “moderate livlihood” |
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Aboriginal: |
includes three groups originally referred to as “indian”, “Inuit”, and “Metis” |
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Inuit |
A community based term that refers to an ethnic and linguistic group in the far north |
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Metis |
used since the 18th century to refer to people of mixedaboriginal and european ancestry. Traced to the red river communities and their distinct language |
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First Nation |
A term to replace the word “Indian”. Does not include inuit and metis |
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Native Americans |
blanket term for indeginous people of america. Mostly used in the US |
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Indegenous |
Considered to be the most inclusive term of them all. Identifies people in similar circumstances without respect to national borders or local conventions |
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European Colonization and indigenous people |
Europeas felt as if they were civilizing a savage group of peopleThe Indigenous people saw depopulation and cultural demolitionDispossession of LandSpread of diseases that the Indigenous people were not immune to “virgin soil epidemic”WarfareCultural assimilationCivilize and christianize”Residential schools 1880 - 1996 (late 20th century)Land appropriation: reserve system + indian act |
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The indian act was in 1876 |
a means of categorizing the first nation groups, and controlling them. Intended to reverse the rights granted to these groups through treaties and to make first nation group’s feel compelled to give up their indian status |
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Rust Belt |
"Rust Belt" is a term for an informal region of the United States that experienced industrial decline starting around 1980. It is made up mostly of places in the Midwest and Great Lakes, though definitions vary. |
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Urban Sustainability |
is about building cities that can sustain themselves without running out of resources, there for reducing its environmental impact |
