Geology Final (Glaciers)

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GLACIER

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a large, long-lasting mass of ice formed on land

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ALPINE GLACIATION

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glaciers found in mountainous regions (formed in valleys)

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CONTINENTAL GLACIATION

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glaciers covering a large part of acontinent (>50 km2)

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FIRN

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compacted mass of granular snow, (has pore spaces between
grains)

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With more compaction, firn changes to ________ (no pore spaces)

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glacial ice

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Glaciers can be divided into 2 zones

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ZONE OF ACCUMULATION
ZONE OF ABLATION

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ZONE OF ACCUMULATION

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upper part of a glacier where snow cover remains all year (more snow falls than melts)

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ZONE OF ABLATION

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lower part of the glacier where ice is lost by melting, evaporation, and calving

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CALVING

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is the breaking off of large chunks of ice when a glacier reaches a body of water (blocks float away as icebergs)

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EQUILIBRIUM LINE

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is the boundary between the zone of accumulation and the zone of ablation (marks to lowest position were snow remains all year)

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BASAL SLIDING

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sliding of a glacier as a single body(moves over
bedrock)

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PLASTIC FLOW

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- movement that occurs within a glacier(does not move at base)

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RIGID ZONE

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top portion of glacier that rides passively over the plastic zone

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CREVASSES

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open fissures or cracks formed by different rates of movement of ice

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ABRASION

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rocks at the bottom of a glacier scrap and grind away at the bedrock, abrasion

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ABRASION produces:

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striations and rock flour

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STRIATIONS

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grooves and scratches in bedrock

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ROCK FLOUR

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very fine particles (mud-sized) formed from the grinding of bedrock

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PLUCKING

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breaking loose of bedrock by melting and freezing of water
in cracks

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LANDSCAPES PRODUCED BY ALPINE GLACIATION (valley glaciers)

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HANGING VALLEYS
CIRQUE
TARN
HORN
ARETES

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HANGING VALLEYS

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Thicker the glacier, the more vertical erosion it produces. so trunk (main) glacier erodes
much deeper than smaller tributary glaciers

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CIRQUE

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steep-sided, half-bowl shaped depressions carved into amountain at the
head of a glacier

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TARN

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lake found in a cirque

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HORN

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sharp peak that remains after cirques cut back into a mountain on several

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ARETES

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sharp ridges separating adjacent glacially carved valleys

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LANDSCAPES FORMED BY CONTINENTAL GLACIATION

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- do not form rugged topography like alpine glaciers
- form rounded topography
- form grooved, striated bedrock and rounded elongated mountains

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Sediment produced by glaciation is ____

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- ANGULAR, MULTI-SIZED, UNSORTED

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TILL

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unsorted, unlayered rock debris carried by glaciers

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MORAINE

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specific types of till deposits that occurs on a glacier or left behind by a
glacier

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Types of moraines:

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Lateral moraine, Medial moraine, End moraine

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LATERAL MORAINE

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ridge like bodies of till along the sides of a valley
glacier

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MEDIAL MORAINE

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ridge of till formed where two adjacent lateral moraines
join and are carried down the glacier

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END MORAINE

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crescent-shaped bodies of till that form at the terminus of
a glacier

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Glacial Age

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period of geologic time when world temperatures were cold
enough to produce extensive glaciation.

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FIORD

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coastal inlet that is a drowned glacially carved valley