Geology Final

Front 1

What are the main ways to forecasting volcanoes?

Back 1

* Historical records of volcanic eruptions
* Geologic (prehistoric) volcanic history
* Consistent (cyclic) vs. erratic behavior
* Inverse relation between eruption magnitude & frequency

Front 2

What is the definitioin of forecasting?

Back 2

Long-term (years to decades) record of volcanic behavior. Useful for land-use planning, zoning, disaster preparedness

Front 3

What is the definition of predicition for volcanoes?

Back 3

Short-term behavior of volcano prior to eruption

Useful for evacuation, short-term disaster response, etc.

Front 4

What are the instrumental measurements for volcanoes?

Back 4

1. Volcanic seismology
2. Crustal deformation
3. Physical Properties
4. Gas measurements

Front 5

What is volcanic seismology

Back 5

* Volcano-tectonic (high-frequency) earthquakes (rock fracture)
* Volcanic (low-frequency) earthquakes (fluid flow)
* Harmonic (volcanic) tremor: continuous vibration associated with fluid flow

Front 6

Physical properties of volcano prediction?

Back 6

* Gravity
* Magnetics
* Electrical properties

Front 7

Deformation monitoring for volcano prediction?

Back 7

* Ground leveling
* Tilt
* Horizontal displacement (laser)
* GPS
* Satellite measurements

Front 8

Gas monitoring for volcanic prediction?

Back 8

Gas content and Gas volume.

Front 9

Geothermal Reservoir Types

Back 9

1. Hydrothermal
1. Steam
2. Hot water
2. Dry rock (experimental, not yet in commercial use)
3. Magma (far in future)

Front 10

Requirements for Geothermal Energy

Back 10

* High Geothermal gradient (near magma body)
* Fractured/porous rock
* Groundwater

Front 11

Advantages of Geothermal Energy

Back 11

* Alternative to fossil fuels
* Little pollution, no contribution to greenhouse effect
* Nearly renewable energy source

Front 12

Fractional Crystallization

Back 12

* Loss of heat (non-renewable)
* Pollution due to release of volcanic gas
* Mineralization in pipes