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140 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Atterberg Limits
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"mineralogy" liquid limits; plastic limit
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geothermal gradient
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(= dz/dT) rate of increasing temperature with respect to increasing depth in the Earth's interior
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well-graded
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(poorly sorted) range of different sized soils
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intensity
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(subjective) individuals person reflection of the earthquake
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poorly-graded
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(well sorted) mostly similarly sized soil
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moulin
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a hole in the surface of a glacier into which surface meltwater flows
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kettle lake
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a lake that forms from ice melting within a moraine
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Till
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a mix of soil and rock that has been deposited by the glacier but has not been reworked by running water
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Terminal moraine
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a morain (or big pile of till) deposited at the end or terminus of the glacier
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nunatak
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a mountain that was never glaciated - instead it was high enough not to be covered by massive ice in the area
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truncated spur
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A ridge (arete) that has been "cut off" by a larger valley glacier
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U-shaped valley
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a U shapped valley formed from a glacier in a valley
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fjord
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a U shapped valley that is low and along coast
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moulin
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a vertical or nearly vertical shaft in a glacier - formed by surface water percolating through a crack in the ice.
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hydraulic radius
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A/P - area/wetted perimeter
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varves
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alternating layers of silt and clay - corresponding to winter and summer deposition (silt occurring in the summer) deposited in a lake and can be read like tree rings
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cirque
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amphitheater like bowl formed form glacial erosion
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pingo
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an ice-cored mound
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continuous permafrost
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area in which permafrost occurs everywhere except under deep lakes and big rivers
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accumulation zone
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area of glacier that accumulates snow and ice
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ablation zone
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area of glacier that loses ice due to melting - evaporation - sublimation - calving - wind erosion
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push moraine
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as glacier advances it pushes til and forms a puch moraine
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recessional moraine
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as glacier retretes it forms recesional moraines
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roche moutonnee
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bedrock features that are streamlined on the "up ice" side and show "plucking" and are steeper on the "down ice" side
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erratic
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big boulders that do not match surrounding bedrock
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Fault Scarp
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block drainage - change flow discretion
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bed load
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bouncing along the bottom
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dissolved load
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carried in solution
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crevasse
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cracks caused by stress in the upper 50m of the glacier
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oxbow
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cut off river miander
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Thawleg
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deepest and typically fastest part of a river channel
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Toppling
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depends on joint orientation and strength of rock - block progressively leans out
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active layer
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depth that soil freezes and thaws every year
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magnitude
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describes the amount of energy released based on seismagrams
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Seismograph
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devise that measures seismic waves
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liquefaction
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dinsification of soil particles - water comes out - occurs in sand below water table
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Rotational Failure
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dispacement on a rotational plain
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thermokarst
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disturbance on surface causes subsidance - often a lake forms
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Radial
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dome/volcano
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Landslides
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downslope movement on a discrete surface
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void ratio
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e = Vv/Vs (0.1-2.5)
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Trellis
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easily eroded - high density
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river bar
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elevated region of sediment that has been deposited by the flow
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ELA
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equalibrium line altitude - line between accumulation zone and ablation zone
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ELA
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Equilibrium Line Altitude - this is the point of equilibrium where the glacier in neither gaining nor losing mass
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thalweg
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fastest deepest part of the river
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epigenetic
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first ground surface then it froze from the top down
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Valley Glacier
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flow beyond the cirque in a valley
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alpine glacier
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form in mountains - 200m thick - moves meters per day at surface
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index properties
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form tests - which test is run depends on soil type (table 10.5)
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ice lens
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formed when moisture - diffused within soil or rock - accumulates in a localized zone
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kettle lake
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formed when till deposits contain "dead ice" and when it melts it forms a kettle lake
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pedmont glacier
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forms when a valley glavier discharges onto a plain
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Rock Fall
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free fall - bouncing - rooling - produces loose pile of debris at base of slope
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Avalanche
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free falling mass of rock and or ice that pulverize on impact and flows at great speed
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ground moraine
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generic coating of till on valley bottom
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meandering
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gentle gradient - low sediment supply - resistant banks
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turbidites
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geologic deposit of a turbidity current - which is a type of sediment gravity flow responsible for distributing vast amounts of clastic sediment into the deep ocean.
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Tidewater Glacier
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glacier meets oceans - the end may float - cause ice bergs
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subsidence
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gradual caving or sinking of an area of land
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"trumpet curve"
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graph that shows the temperature profile (at least a year)
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permafrost
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ground that has been below 0C for 2 or more years
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specific gravity
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Gs = Ps/Pw (Ps = density of soil: Pw= Density of water)(between 2.6-2.8)
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Love Waves
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horizontal surface waves
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ice wedge
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ice forms in a "repeated crack" in epigenetic layer
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ice-wedge polygon
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ice wedges that come together to form polygons
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firn
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if snow last through a year
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pingo
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ince cored mound forms when a lake drains and saturated sil is trapped and freezes
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extending flow
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invreased velocity when sope increase or ice is added
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anastomosing
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islands that the river flows around
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syngenetic
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it is freexing then more ground deposited - freexes from bottom up
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tsunami
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Large displacement of water (wave) created by earthquake
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nunatak
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large peak above ice that was never glaciated
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Surfave Waves
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Last to arrive - most damaging
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permafrost table
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layer from bottom of active layer to where the temperature crosses back into above 0 degrees C - stays frozen for more than 2 years
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esker
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long sinuos deposits of sand and gravel - stratified - clean
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braided
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lots of sediment - high gradient - non resistant banks
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outwash plain
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material that was originally deposited by the glacier but was reworked and re-deposited by running water - clean and sorted
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MASST
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Mean annual soil surface temperature (average)
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degree of saturation
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moisture in terms of void ratio: S=Vw/Vv * 100% (between 0 and 1)
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Debris Flows
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more commmon with eath and debris and water
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porosity
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n = Vv/Vt * 100%
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Dendritic
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no structural control (Root like)
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NFS
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Non Frost Susceptible (Soil)
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NFS
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Non Frost Susceptible (Soil) build with there! Sand and Gravel
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ice sheet
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not confined to topography - flows out in all directions (huge)
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Cirque Glacier
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occurs above firn line - form in circular hollows
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discontinuous permafrost
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permafrost that is patchy
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Angle of internal friction
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Phi - the angle of the shear stress and normal effective stresses at which shear failure occurs.
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end moraine
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pile of till at end of ice sheet
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terminal moraine
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pile of till at end of valley glacier
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medial moraine
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pile of till that is in the middle of glacier
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lateral moraine
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pile of till that is lateral along sides of glacier
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Hypocenter
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point of repture
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Focus
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point of repture
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epicenter
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point on the earths surface about the focus
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till
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poorly sorted - not stratified - everything from clay to house sized boulders - not a good building material
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P Waves
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Primary Wave - push/pull
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Type of waves produced by earthquake
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P-waves - S-Waves - Surface Waves (love waves and Rayleigh waves)
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Parallel
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Regional dip (parallel)
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Different scales to describe earthquake energy/effects
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Richter Scale; Moment Magnitude; Intensity
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arete
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ridge between 2 cirque headwalls (sharp)
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truncated spur
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ridge cut off by the main valley glacier
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delta
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river empties into large lake or ocean - decrease in velocity river dumps seds
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Mohr-Coulomb Equation
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S=C+σTANφ
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Bed Load
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Saltation Occurs in the movement of a river's
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S Waves
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Secondary - Shear Waves - only travel through solids
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cirque
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semi circular hollow with steap headwalls
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arete
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sharp ridge separating valley glaciers
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suspended load
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silt and clay
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esker
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sinuous ridge of alluvial material that was deposited by an under glavier stream
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saltation
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sitting - vibrating - then bouncing along the bottom
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tarn
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small lake in the cirque bottom
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outwash plain
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snad and gravel deposits in fron of glavier by melt water - clean sand and gravel
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drumlin
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streamlined hills - low and elliptical
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Retangular
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structural control
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hazards associated with earthquakes
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Surface faulting - ground shaking - Liquefication - fault scarps - Tsunami
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front heave
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temperature induced pressure gradient "sucks water to the freezing front
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hyrometer
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test to determine size of fine grain soils
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frost heave
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the expansion of soils during freezing due to the intake of additional water
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seismogram
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the paper in which seismic waves are measured on
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Cohesion
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the sticking together of particles
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Delta
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The type of river deposit that forms when a river empties into a large lake or ocean; which consists of fine-grained particles and is highly variable in composition
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active layer
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this is the layer below the ground surface that freezes and thaws every year
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Features
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Transformation of snow into galcial ice - mechanical properties of ice - movement - crevasses
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Braided
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type of river noted for its high sediment load - high discharge and interweaving channels with unstable islands
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talik
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unfrozen ground within permafrost
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consolidation
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unifaction
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USCS
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Unified Soil Classification System
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hanging valley
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valley cut off by the main glacier - often waterfalls
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Rayleigh waves
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Vertical surface waves
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Moisture content
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w=Ww/Ws * 100%
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alluvial fan
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When a river transitions from a steep gradient to a very gentle gradient it deposits a lot a sediment
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comppression flow
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when decrease in velocity causes a "piling up" of ice
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Plastic Flow
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when glacieres spread out laterally when unconfined from valleys
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alluvial fan
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when the gradient changes abruptly - river dumps seds.
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horn
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where 3 or more cirques form a pointy peak
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nivation hollow
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where yearly snow accumulates freezes and thaws
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loess
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wind blown silt
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unit weight
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γ= w/V (γwet= Wt/Vt) (γdry=Ws/Vt)
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