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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Plumes
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Heat welling up from the deep mantle which pushes against the lithosphere.
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Aulacogen
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failed rift
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Hawaiin-Emperor chain
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kinked seamount chains
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Kilauea
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a huge caldera on the flanks of Mauna Lao
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caldera
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collapsed volcano
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Alkaline Basalt
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tend to fill teh caldera during the dying stages of an Hawaiian volcano and may be helping the magma to punch through the lithosphere to form the next volcano
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lava fountains
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when lava rises sufficiently fast that the gases dissolve into it and do not have enough time to escape before it reaches the surface so that frothing and eruption occur simulataneously.
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lava flows
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the fountains in turn feed lava streams and flows that are fast-moving because of the low viscosity of basalt
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Lava tubes
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often tunnes drain into lava tubes and cool to form blockey or ropey surface proteins
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Blocky lava
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aka AA
-appears rubbly and forms when the solidified surface is broken up by the lava beneath |
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Chimney
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caused by freezing of lava against tree trunks which later rot away may leave hollow lava chimney
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spatter cones
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blocky flows can be explosive and may hurl blobs of lava into the air and pile up
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volcanic bombs
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resemble tear-drops or hiar or cow dung
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ropey lava
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when lava flows like honey rippling at the surface to produce rope-like folds which cool to form..
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Pahoehoe
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another name for ropey lava
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atoll
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a coral island consisting of a reef surrounding a lagoon
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seamount
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a submarine mountain rising above the deep-sea floor
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Island Park caldera
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magma exploted it 1.3 million years ago
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Yellowstone caldera
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magma exploded 600,000 years ago to create it
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rhyolite
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a very acid volcanic rock that is the lava form of granite
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ash flow
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bulging beyond capacity the ground above teh magma chamber cracks, releases pressure and triggering a catastrophic eruption
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geysers
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a spring that throws forth intermittent jets of heated water and steam
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sinter
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aka Geyserite
-silica deposits left behind as the mineral-charged water cools at the foot of the geyser |
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Hot spots
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along wider cracks, subterranean pools may absorb the boiling water and then it forms
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mudpots
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when only a trickle of water reaches the surface, strong acids turn the soil into them
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steam vents
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aka Fumaroles
-where if the water boils off below the water can escape |
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Transform fault
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where two plates struggle to slide past each other
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stress
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pressure
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deform
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when strains builds up in the rocks on either side of the fault and slowly bend
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strike-slip fault
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the movement occurs sideways along the horizontal trace or strike of the fault
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The best known transform faults
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-San Andreas
-Queen Charlotte(British Col. -Levant(beneath Dead Sea) -Anatolian (Turkey) Alpine(South Island) |
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Divergent Bends
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where the crust may be streatched until it breaks and collapses
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Pull-apart basin
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-long narrow depressions that may collect sediment or become filled with water
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Convergent bends
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Where the fault curves in other directions plate motion jams the blocks of crust together
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Transverse ridges
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folded mountains, across the trace of the fault
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Motague Fault
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slices through Guatamala for almost 150 miles and forms the boudanry between the North American and Caribean plates
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Levant Fault
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in the middle east has had earthquake activity for at least 3000 years
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Dead Sea
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between Jordan and the West Bank, as a pull-apart basin produced in a region of tension between two over-lapping strike-slip faults that seperate the Arabian and African plates
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Left-lateral
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aka sinistral
-the far side of each fault moves to the left |
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Dead Sea transform
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aka Levant Fault
an extension of Africa's rift system |
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Lake Lisan
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caused by a rise in the world sea level flooded the transform to form a long lake, whcih dried up when the sea receded to leave the Sea of Galilee, the Dead Sea and the Gulf of Aqaba
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salt pillars
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evaporations near the shores produce
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Potash
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left over from the evaporated water from the dead sea.
potassium or a potassium compound especially as used in agriculture or industry |
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North Anatolian Fault
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in Turkey
-forms the boundary of the Anatolian plate |
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Right lateral
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dextral
-the far side of the fault moves to the right |
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Minas faulty
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-Canadian Fault slices through the center of Nova scotia and represents a right-lateral transform fault that was active during the assembly of Pangaea
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Great Glen fault
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over the Atlantic Ocean and also the Loch Ness monster can be found
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Cabot Fault
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where the Atlantic Ocean split the old fault broke in two so that the continuation of the Great Glen Fault now lies more than 3000 miles away on the Cabot Fault
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Fort Tejon earthquake
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Hlaf of voer 70-foot offsets on the streams occurred during this 1857 Earthquake
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San Francisco earthquake
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a magnitude of 8.3
sustained over a half billion dollars in damage and lost around 700 lives |
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Primary
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aka P-waves
-speeds along at 12,000 to 19,000 mph arrive first at the surface -compressed waves like sound alternately pushing and pulling surface structures in the direction of wave travel |
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Seismometer
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measuring the actual movements of the ground
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Secondary
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S-waves
-slower moving at 7000 to 10,000 mph -these waves are shearer and oscillate and heave the ground up and down or sideways but cannot move through water |
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Surface waves
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produce low-frequency vibrations that roll the ground like ocean waves or whip it sideways
-since these travel slowly adn take longer to diminish, they can sway buildings at great distances from the epicenter or the point on the earth's surface nearst the focus |
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fault creep
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unlikely to experience earthquakes because stresses are releaved as fast as tehy build up.
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Richter scale
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The scale is a logarithmic on some that each unit increase is 10 times the seismic wave by the seismograph
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Aftershocks
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small tremors that follow the main movement
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sesimic gap
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the locked portion of a fault where the risk of damaging earthquake activity is greatest
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liquifaction
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buildings build on landfills didn't hold up well during the earthquake
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Precursors
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small tremors knows as foreshocks that precede the main movement
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Creepmeters
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essentially wires stretched across the fault to register any horizontal movement
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Scintillation
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detect even the slightest ground tremors and can reveal changes in seismic-wave velocity, a porecusor of shocks
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Tiltmeters
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predict volcanic eruptions, detect changes in land slope by the rising and falling of water levels in two containers
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Laser-ranging instuments
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measure round-trip travel time of a light pulse and thus the precise distance between twho points, indicating horizontal movement across the fault
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ARIES
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uses quasar signals from outside our galaxy as reference point to monitor ground movement
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LAGEOS
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measures plate movement by bouncing laser beams between Earth Stations and an orbiting satellite.
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Strainmeters
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measures expansion and contraction of crustal rock, indicating strain accumulation or release
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Convergent plates
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-aka Destructive plate
-when two plates approach each other collisions result. |
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Subduction Zones
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marked by deep ocean trench
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suture
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continents meet head on, melding together
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