Geology Final

Front 1

The Earth’s crust is thickest at—

Back 1

continental volcanic arcs

Front 2

The earth’s core is inferred to be

Back 2

mostly iron

Front 3

The premise that present-day processes have operated throughout geologic time is
known as the principle of

Back 3

uniformitarianism

Front 4

Ocean-ocean convergence zones are marked by the occurrence of

Back 4

volcanic island arcs

Front 5

. During the era of the dinosaurs

Back 5

all continents were assembled into a super continent called Pangea

Front 6

The mid-oceanic ridges are sites of

Back 6

sea floor spreading

Front 7

The earth is estimated to be _____years old

Back 7

4.6 billion

Front 8

All plate margins are characterized by

Back 8

high earthquake activity

Front 9

Deep, oceanic trenches are found above ________

Back 9

subduction zones

Front 10

Which is not true

Back 10

quartz is harder than topaz

Front 11

The top layer of the ocean crust is composed of—

Back 11

pillow basalt

Front 12

upper mantle is composed of—

Back 12

peridotite

Front 13

A untested explanation of an occurrence in nature is known as a(n)—

Back 13

hypothesis

Front 14

One rock is the material for another might well be a statement applied to the___?

Back 14

rock cycle

Front 15

Rubies and sapphires are gem quality varieties of--

Back 15

corundum

Front 16

Which one of the following groups do most minerals in the earth’s crust belong?

Back 16

silicates

Front 17

Quartz is composed of--

Back 17

silicon dioxide

Front 18

tendency for some minerals to break along smooth, flat surfaces is known as--

Back 18

cleavage

Front 19

The most abundant mineral group in the crust is (are) the--

Back 19

feldspars

Front 20

The most abundant mineral group at the earth’s surface is (are) ______.

Back 20

clay minerals

Front 21

Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is the mineral—

Back 21

calcite

Front 22

Pyroxene minerals consists of –

Back 22

single silicate chains

Front 23

The ferro-magnesium silicates are ______ colored.

Back 23

dark

Front 24

are mostly_________ colored

Back 24

light

Front 25

Which of these is not an alumnosilicate minera?

Back 25

olivine

Front 26

. Abundant fossils begin showing up in rocks that are _____years old.

Back 26

545 million

Front 27

Continental crust –

Back 27

is compressed and thickened at converging plate margins

Front 28

The rock cycle is implies that--

Back 28

. any rock type can form from any other rock type

Front 29

If you wanted to drill to the mantle, you would probably choose a location with thin crust. The obvious location for to such a site would be the—

Back 29

out in the ocean

Front 30

Hematite is--

Back 30

iron oxide

Front 31

trench-volcanic arc association is indicative of a ________ plate margin.

Back 31

convergent

Front 32

The earth’s core is inferred to be--

Back 32

mostly iron

Front 33

. The ocean crust is formed mostly of —

Back 33

basalt

Front 34

. The Japanese islands are an example of a ___________.

Back 34

island arc at a convergent margin

Front 35

New material is formed at the _______ boundary (boundaries).

Back 35

divergent

Front 36

The steps to the library are made out of—

Back 36

granite

Front 37

Magnetic stripes of the sea floor refers to f—

Back 37

evidence magnetic polar reversal

Front 38

Most of the sodium (Na) in rock forming minerals is found in ______.

Back 38

feldspar

Front 39

Aluminum is found in ________ minerals.

Back 39

feldspars and micas

Front 40

The two sources of energy for the Earth system are _____ ______.

Back 40

heat and gravity

Front 41

You are offered a raw diamond at a fantastically low price. How would you determine its authenticity?

Back 41

test its hardness with emery paper

Front 42

In a stack of sedimentary rocks, the oldest rock layer is usually found at the ____

Back 42

bottom

Front 43

The driving mechanism of plate tectonics is …

Back 43

convection within the mantle

Front 44

The Hawaiian Islands are formed as…

Back 44

hot spot

Front 45

The San Andreas fault in California is a _____ plate margin.

Back 45

transform

Front 46

What is the source of lava for Hawaii?

Back 46

melting above a mantle plume

Front 47

the reddish mineral grains in the rock that makes up the steps to the library are—

Back 47

orthoclase

Front 48

Rocks composed of bit and pieces of pre-existing rocks are most likely _____ in
origin.

Back 48

sedimentary

Front 49

We have never drilled into the mantle of the earth, but we find unaltered pieces of it as ____.

Back 49

blocks erupted from some volcanoes

Front 50

We have never drilled into the core of the earth, but we but we can conclude what
its like by observing—

Back 50

iron meteorites and earthquake waves

Front 51

Quartz

Back 51

SiO2

Front 52

Biotite (mica)

Back 52

sheet structures

Front 53

Olivine

Back 53

. sheet structures

Front 54

Augite (pyroxene)

Back 54

(Mg,Fe)SiO3

Front 55

The earth is uniform in composition (all the same stuff) from the center to the
surface.

Back 55

false

Front 56

There are more oxygen atoms in the crust of the earth than in the atmosphere.

Back 56

true

Front 57

Minerals are always crystalline solids.

Back 57

always

Front 58

Scientific theories are guesses that may someday be proven by rigorous testing.

Back 58

false

Front 59

Present day geologic processes are essentially different from those of the past.

Back 59

false

Front 60

Bricks and hornfels are made by high temperature alteration of clays

Back 60

true

Front 61

Diamonds are made by metamorphism of coal.

Back 61

false

Front 62

K-feldspar is more stable than quartz in chemical weathering.

Back 62

false

Front 63

Mud cracks can be used to tell which way is up in a sedimentary sequence.

Back 63

false

Front 64

The most common mineral at the surface is quartz

Back 64

false-Clays

Front 65

Good, thick residual soils (pedalfers) are found in the southeast United State.

Back 65

true

Front 66

To be a fossil, an object must be a part of the original organism

Back 66

false

Front 67

The most common sedimentary rocks are shales and mudstones

Back 67

true

Front 68

The light, buff colored stone that make up the facing of the library and the Mediterranean-style buildings on campus is granite

Back 68

false

Front 69

. The sea floor is composed of limestone

Back 69

false

Front 70

which region of the United States are pedalfers most likely to form?

Back 70

southeast

Front 71

. Which of the following is most susceptible to chemical weathering by
dissolution?

Back 71

calciet

Front 72

Feldspar weathers to _____.

Back 72

clay

Front 73

Enchanted Rock near Llano, Texas is a –

Back 73

granite exfoliation dome

Front 74

. Iron oxide is common at the surface of the earth because it forms by the
weathering of—

Back 74

. iron-bearing silicates

Front 75

. Pillow basalt forms –

Back 75

. on the ocean floor

Front 76

Well-rounded and well-sorted grains in a sandstone is suggestive of—

Back 76

long distance of transport

Front 77

The process by which dissolved mineral matter precipitates in the pore spaces of a sediment and binds it together is—

Back 77

cementation

Front 78

The rock seen in road cuts in the Hill Country is–

Back 78

limestone

Front 79

Playa (dry) lakes of the southwest United States are sites of deposition of–

Back 79

evaporites

Front 80

A sedimentary rock formed by repeated flooding of lowland next to a river is probably—

Back 80

shale

Front 81

A sedimentary “rock” formed by accumulation of altered plant remains is—

Back 81

coal

Front 82

. Clay particles stick together to form shales and mudstones by—

Back 82

compaction

Front 83

Which of the following is most likely to dissolve away in semi-humid a
climate?

Back 83

gypsum

Front 84

The colors red, yellow, and brown in sedimentary rocks are produced by—

Back 84

. iron oxides/hydroxides

Front 85

Finely divided (microscopic grains) pyrite in shale colors the rock-

Back 85

black

Front 86

Black in limestone is usually due to the presence of—

Back 86

carbon

Front 87

Which of the following is an indication of an alternating wet and dry environment such as a tidal flat?

Back 87

mud cracks

Front 88

Which of the following can be used to determine paleocurrent direction—

Back 88

cross-bedding

Front 89

The most abundant mineral group at the earth’s surface is(are) –

Back 89

clay minerals

Front 90

the grain size of igneous rocks is determined by the _________.

Back 90

cooling rate of magma

Front 91

. Coquina is a rock formed of--

Back 91

broken shell fragments

Front 92

The caliche horizon of an ancient pedocal may be seen as a thin layer of _____

Back 92

limestone

Front 93

Changes in sediment that occur after deposition are called—

Back 93

diagenesis

Front 94

In Hawaii, I would expect to see—

Back 94

shield cones

Front 95

The steps to the library are made from blocks of—

Back 95

granite

Front 96

Which metamorphic rock contains the same basic minerals as an igneous rock?

Back 96

gneiss

Front 97

Heat from an igneous intrusion is the primary agent of change in _____metamorphism.

Back 97

contact

Front 98

Mylonites are formed by _____ metamorphism.

Back 98

cataclastic

Front 99

Which of the following metamorphic rocks displays a foliated texture?

Back 99

schist

Front 100

Which mineral would indicate the higher grade of metamorphism?

Back 100

staurolite

Front 101

A thin, discoid-shaped, concordant igneous intrusion is probably a –

Back 101

dike

Front 102

A sedimentary rock composed of angular pebbles is called-

Back 102

breccia

Front 103

. Phenocrysts are evidence of--

Back 103

two periods of cooling

Front 104

When sea water evaporates, the first mineral to precipitate is ______.

Back 104

CALCITE

Front 105

. _____ refers to the process of fossilization where the internal cavities and
pores of the original organism are filled with precipitated mineral matter.

Back 105

petrification

Front 106

. Low temperatrure and high pressure metamorphism (as in subduction zones) is the ________ facies.

Back 106

blueschist

Front 107

The metamorphic rock formed from limestone is—

Back 107

marble

Front 108

In contact metamorphism shales are altered to –

Back 108

hornfels

Front 109

A natural glass formed by rapid cooling of lava is called --

Back 109

obsidian

Front 110

Steep-sided, classic, volcanic cones are called--

Back 110

stratovolcanoes

Front 111

Pyroclastic rocks form by--

Back 111

violent, explosive volcanic eruptions

Front 112

Dolostone is formed by the diagenic alteration of limestone by the addition of____ to calcite.

Back 112

magnesium