Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
113 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
lava
|
molten rock that has extruded onto the earth's surface
|
|
lava flows
|
moving masses of molten lava
|
|
viscosity
|
resistance to flow
|
|
basaltic lava flow
|
mafic lava that has low viscosity (fast moving)
|
|
lava tube
|
an insulated tunnel like conduit within a flow through which lava moves
|
|
flows with warm pasty surfaces wrinkle into smooth glassy rope like ridges
|
pahoehoe (pa-hoy-hoy)
|
|
jumble of sharp angular fragments creating a rubbly flow
|
a'a'
|
|
fracturing that creates hexagonal columns
|
columnar jointing
|
|
andesitic lava flows
|
medium viscosity lava flow, it forms a mound and then slides down the sides /\
|
|
rhyolitic lava flows
|
Most viscous (slowest) flow, accumlates into a dome like mass/ lava dome
|
|
lava that accumulates in to a dome like mass
|
lava dome
|
|
volcanic ash is composed of ____
|
tiny glass shards
|
|
all fragmental material erupted from a volcano
|
pyroclastic debris
|
|
finest pyroclastic debris, powered sized glass shards
|
lapilli
|
|
apple to refrigerator sized pieces of pyroclastic debris
|
blocks (or) bombs
|
|
unconsolidated deposits of pyroclastic grains (regardless of size)
|
tephra
|
|
ash or ash mixed with lapilli, when lithified becomes
|
tuff
|
|
avalanches of hot ash and lapilli that rush down the side of a volcano
|
pyroclastic flow/ nuee ardente("glowing cloud")
|
|
a sheet of tuff formed from a pyroclastic flow
|
ignimbrite
|
|
fluid fast moving volcanic debris flows - ash and water
|
lahar
|
|
composed of water, CO2, SO2, and hydrogen sulfide
|
volcanic gas
|
|
cone shaped piles of tephra
|
cinder cones
|
|
"composite volcanoes", large and cones shaped and consist of alternating layers of lava and tephra
|
Stratavolcanoes
|
|
eruptions that produces lava flows
|
effusive eruptions
|
|
eruptions that produce clouds and avalanches of pyroclastic debris
|
explosive/ pyroclastic eruption
|
|
eruption involving water and magma
|
phreatomagmatic eruption
|
|
low viscosity lava spread over large areas
|
flood basalts
|
|
time between eruptions
|
recurrence interval
|
|
volcanoes that are erupting or likely to erupt soon
|
active volcanoes
|
|
volcanoes that have not erupted in hundreds to thousands of years
|
dormant volcanoes
|
|
volcanoes that were active in the past but have stopped forever
|
extinct volcanoes
|
|
a map that delineates areas that lie in the path of potential lava flows, lahars, debris flows or pyroclastic flows
|
volcanic danger assessment map
|
|
earthquake activity
|
seismicity
|
|
a fracture on which sliding occurs
|
fault
|
|
the place in the earth where rock ruptures and slips
|
hypocenter/focus
|
|
the point on the surface of the earth that lies directly above the hypocenter
|
epicenter
|
|
hanging wall block goes down relative to the footwall due to crustal stretching
|
Normal fault
|
|
hanging wall slips diagonally
|
Oblique slip fault
|
|
hanging wall goes up due to crustal shortening
|
thrust fault
|
|
no vertical motion, sideways motion
|
strike-slip fault
|
|
the amount of slip on a fault
|
displacement
|
|
the intersection between a fault and the ground surface
|
fault trace/ fault line
|
|
the small step that is created when a normal fault is created
|
fault scarp
|
|
a change in the shape of an object that disappears when stress is removed is called...
|
elastic strain
|
|
the start stop movement on a fault
|
stick-slip behavior
|
|
smaller earthquakes that precede a major earthquake
|
foreshocks
|
|
smaller earthquakes that follow a major earthquake
|
aftershocks
|
|
the instant a earthquake appears at a seismograph station
|
arrival time
|
|
the lines that record an earthquake
|
seismogram
|
|
the instrument that records an earthquake
|
seismograph
|
|
the waves that arrive first
|
P waves
|
|
the waves that arrive second
|
S waves
|
|
the waves that arrive last
|
surface waves/ rayleigh and Love waves (r and l waves)
|
|
first scale to characterize an earthquake. described by roman numerals
|
Mercalli intensity scale
|
|
the number that indicates the earthquakes relative size as determined by measuring the maximum amplitude of ground motion recorded by a seismograph
|
magnitude
|
|
earthquake magnitude is measured by this scale
|
Richter scale
|
|
calculates the EXACT magnitude of an earthquake
|
moment magnitude
|
|
area where earthquakes occur
|
seismic belts
|
|
earthquakes that occur on the interior of plates
|
intraplate earthquakes
|
|
seismic events that are caused by the actions of people
|
induced seismicity
|
|
waves that move the ground upwards
|
P waves
|
|
waves that move the ground side to side
|
S waves
|
|
waves that makes the ground move like a snake
|
L(ove) waves
|
|
waves that move the ground like waves
|
R(ayleigh) waves
|
|
the movement of water within a bay or lake caused by an earthquake
|
seiche
|
|
the abrupt loss of stregth of a wet sediment
|
liquefaction
|
|
average time between successive events (earthquakes)
|
recurrence interval
|
|
where a know active fault has not slipped for a long time
|
seismic gap
|
|
designing buildings that can withstand earthquakes
|
earthquake engineerings
|
|
determine where land is stable and where it might collapse
|
earthquake zoning
|
|
boundary between the rock through which a wave has passed and the rock through which it has not yet passed
|
wave front
|
|
changing position of an imaginary point on wave front as the front as the front moves through rock
|
seismic ray
|
|
time it takes for a wave to travel from the focus to a seismograph
|
travel time
|
|
between 100 and 200 km deep in the mantle beneath the oceanic lthosphere seismic velocities are slower than the lithospheric mantle
|
low velocity zone
|
|
when the seismic ray is disjointed as it moves through different layers
|
seismic velocity discontinuities
|
|
3d image of seismic wave velocities within the earth
|
seismic tomography
|
|
rocks squash, stretch, bend and break
|
deformation
|
|
cracks
|
joints
|
|
fractures on which one body of rock slides past another
|
faults
|
|
bends or wrinkles
|
folds
|
|
layering resulting from alignment of mineral grains or the creation of compositional bands
|
foliation
|
|
mountain belts
|
orogens
|
|
mountain building event
|
orogeny
|
|
material breaks into 2 ore more pieces
|
brittle deformation
|
|
material changes shape without breaking
|
ductile deformation
|
|
when a rock is pulled apart
|
tension
|
|
one side of a rock is moved sideways past the other side
|
shear stress
|
|
special stress condition in which the same push acts on all sides of an object
|
pressure
|
|
the rock above the fault plane
|
hanging wall block
|
|
rock below the fault plane
|
footwall block
|
|
sliding occurs up or down the slop of the fault
|
dip-slip fualts
|
|
one block slides past another
|
strike slip faults
|
|
sliding occurs diagonally on the fault plane
|
oblique-slip faults
|
|
polished fault surfaces
|
slickenslides
|
|
linear grooves on fault surfaces
|
slip lineations
|
|
faults in which moment occured ductilely
|
shear zones
|
|
the portion of the fold where curvature is greatest
|
hinge
|
|
sides of the fold that show less curvature
|
limbs
|
|
folds that an arch like shape in which the limbs dip away from the hinge
|
anticlines
|
|
folds with a trough like shape in which the limbs dip toward the hing
|
synclines
|
|
the shape of a carpet draped over a stairstep
|
monocline
|
|
layering created by the alignment of deformed and or reoriented grains
|
tectonic foliation
|
|
condition when the buoyancy force pushing lithopshere up equals the graviational force pulling lithosphere down
|
isostacy/ isostatic equilibrium
|
|
asymmetric ridge
|
cuesta
|
|
when geds dip steeply and forma narrow more symmetrical ridge
|
hogback
|
|
mountains collapsing because of own weight
|
orogenic collapse
|
|
blocks that attach to a convergent margin
|
exotic terranes
|
|
orogens that grow laterally by the attachment of exotic terranes
|
accretionary orogens
|
|
when the continent is pushed tightly against a subduction zone ___ this is generated
|
fold-thrust belt
|
|
crust that has not been affected by orogeny for at least 2 billion years
|
craton
|
|
where precambrian metamorphic and igneous rocks crop out of the ground
|
shields
|
|
relatively thing layer of sediment covers the precambrian rocks
|
cratonic platform
|
|
the broad vertical movement that grenerate huge but gentle mid continent domes and basins
|
epeirogeny
|