Geology Exam Iii

Front 1

This is a ________ __________.
Used for measuring what?

Back 1

Brunton Compass (or transit).
Measures strike and dip angles.

Front 2

What metamorphic feature is this?

Back 2

Metamorphic Fold

Front 3

Name the fold types:
A:
B:
C:
D:

Back 3

Front 4

This fold is an _______.

Back 4

Anticline

Front 5

This fold is a ______.

Back 5

Syncline

Front 6

This fold is a ________.

Back 6

Asymetrical

Front 7

This fold is a _______.

Back 7

Recumbent

Front 8

Which rock layer is the oldest?

Back 8

A

Front 9

Which rock layer is the oldest?

Back 9

D

Front 10

Label the parts of this plunging fold.
A:
B:
C:
D:

Back 10

Front 11

Compression forces produce what kind of faults? ______ and _______

Back 11

•reverse (aka dip-slip)
•thrust (low angle reverse)

Front 12

Tensional forces produce what kinds of faults? _______

Back 12

•normal (aka dip-slip)

Front 13

Shear forces produce what kinds of faults? ______ and _______

Back 13

•Strike slip (transform)

Front 14

This rock formation represents?

Back 14

Fault.

Front 15

This represents what type rock structure?

Back 15

Joints

Front 16

What type of unusual structure does this formation represent?

Back 16

Columnar Joints.

Front 17

Joints are ________ with no ________.

Back 17

•fractures
•no displacement

Front 18

Which kind of formation is this?

Back 18

Dome

Front 19

What type of structural formation is this?

Back 19

Dome. Although you often cannot determine this unless you know the age or position of some of the layers.

Front 20

What structural formation does this represent?

Back 20

Fault Scarp. The foot-wall of the fault is revealed

Front 21

What type of fault is this?

Back 21

Thrust (low angle)

Front 22

What kind of fault is this?

Back 22

Strike slip RIGHT. (Transform).

Front 23

What kind of fault is this?

Back 23

Strike Slip (aka transform)

Front 24

Is this a left or right strike slip?

Back 24

Left

Front 25

What kind of fault is this?

Back 25

Reverse.

Front 26

What kind of fault is this?

Back 26

Normal or dip-slip.

Front 27

What kind of structural feature is this?

Back 27

Basin.

Front 28

What is the black line called?
What is the dip?
What mark would you use to represent these features?

Back 28

Front 29

Dip is the _______ between the rock layers and the ________ plane.

Back 29

•angle
•horizontal plane

Front 30

Strike is the _________ plane along an _______ rock layer

Back 30

•horizontal
•inclined

Front 31

If theta is 30° what is the strike angle?

Back 31

N30°E

Front 32

What is the strike and dip of...
A:
B:

Back 32

Front 33

Draw a strike and dip symbol as you would see on a geologic map.

Back 33

Front 34

Plunging anticline or syncline?

Back 34

Anticline.

Front 35

Plunging anticline or syncline?

Back 35

Syncline

Front 36

Label points A and B

Back 36

A: Nose
B: Legs - Limbs

Front 37

Determining the age and order of rock layers is by the principle of ______.

Back 37

Superposition.

Front 38

Label the foot wall and hanging wall

Back 38

Front 39

Lava that is very thin/runny is _______.

Back 39

Basaltic

Front 40

Lava that can travel up to 100 miles is ______.

Back 40

Basaltic

Front 41

Lava that has low dissolved gases is _____.

Back 41

Basaltic

Front 42

This is what kind of lava?

Back 42

A'a (basaltic)

Front 43

What kind of lava?

Back 43

pahoehoe (basaltic)

Front 44

The Hawaiian word for runny lava is ______.

Back 44

pahoehoe

Front 45

Lava that has thick short flows is ______.

Back 45

Rhyolitic/Andesitic

Front 46

Lava that is higher in dissolved gasses is called _______.

Back 46

Rhyolitic/Andesitic

Front 47

Mauna Loa is the highest mountain _____ to _____.

Back 47

Peak to sea floor.

Front 48

Hawaii and Yellowstone share what in common?

Back 48

The are both hotspots.

Front 49

What is the main difference between volcanic formations?

Back 49

Type of lava.

Front 50

What kind of volcano is this?
a. shield
b. cinder
c. composite

Back 50

b. cinder (tephra)

Made up of ejected cinders.

Front 51

Lava cones or tephra cones are also called ______ cones.

Back 51

Cinder

Front 52

Composite volcanes are explosive due to ________.

Back 52

Their composition.

Front 53

What kind of volcano is this?
a. shield
b. cinder
c. composite

Back 53

c. composite

Front 54

What is the composition of of composite/stratovolcanoes?

Back 54

Andesitic to Rhyolitic possibly beds of basalt.

Front 55

Why are composite/stratovolcanoes composition Andesitic to Rhyolitic.

Back 55

They are being made of melted crust and from basaltic magma from below the subduction zone.

Front 56

A pyroclastic flow is made of.
a. Ashe and snow melt
b. Ash
c. Ash Lava and Gases
d. Dirt and gases

Back 56

c. Ash lava and gases

Front 57

A Lahar is made up of:
a. Ashe and snow melt
b. Ash
c. Ash Lava and Gases
d. Dirt and gases

Back 57

a. Ash and snow melt

Front 58

A Volcanic Mud flow is also known as a ________.

Back 58

Lahar

Front 59

What are 3 ways to detect an upcoming volcanic eruption?

Back 59

Earthquakes, land bulge, Gases.

Front 60

Yellowstone National Park is also a:
a. volcanic crater
b. super volcano
c. hot spot
d. active volcano
e. all of the above

Back 60

e. All of them!

Front 61

Parts of Yellowstone national park is bulging at a rate of:
a. 1-2" per year
b. 2-3" per year
c. 3-4" per year

Back 61

b. 2-3" per year

Front 62

Yellowstone national park is bulging how? What evidence has shown this?

Back 62

•Bulging on one side of lake (tilting)
•GPS data
•Old ship wreck surfacing due to elevation change

Front 63

Largest recorded volcanic eruption in the USA occured 1980.

Back 63

Mt. St. Helens

Front 64

Mt. Vesuvious errupted in AD 79 and is the current location of what city?

Back 64

Naples, Italy.

Front 65

What volcanic eruption in 1991 significantly changes global temperatures?

Back 65

Mt. Pinatabo, Phillipines.

Front 66

What volcanic eruption made the skies red, known by written record in europe in 1883?

Back 66

Krakatoa.

Front 67

Crater lake was formerly this volcano?

Back 67

Mt. Mazama. Collapsed in on itself to form lake.

Front 68

Approximately how many years are there between eruptions at Yellowstone National Park?

Back 68

600,000 years.

Front 69

How fast can a pyroclastic flow travel?

Back 69

100mph!

Front 70

What mountain/volcano has significant hazard of Lahars?

Back 70

Mt. Rainier.

Front 71

Pyroclastic flows act like a ______.

Back 71

Liquid.

Front 72

Features of a composite/stratovolcano that make it quite different than the others.

Back 72

Central vent
Symetrical Shape
Interbedded layers
Created along subduction zones of oceanic/continental.

Front 73

Features of a shield volcano that make it quite different than the others.

Back 73

Low angle and large.
Flank vents
Basaltic lava

Front 74

Features of a cinder cone volcano that make it quite different than the others.

Back 74

Steep angle and small.
Made of ejected cinders.

Front 75

Krakatoa volcanic eruption/explosion created ________ as far away as South Africa and the entire island _______.

Back 75

Tsunamis
Disappeared

Front 76

An extensive chain of mountains or mountain ranges, that runs along a coastline is called a _____.

Back 76

Cordillera

Front 77

The North American Cordillera is called the _______.

Back 77

Cascades (Pacific Cordillera)

Front 78

The Cascade mountain range is in what states and part of the country?

Back 78

Washington, Oregon, Calif.
NW coastal region.

Front 79

Is a process by which material is added to a tectonic plate or a landmass. This material may be sediment, volcanic arcs, seamounts or other igneous features.

Back 79

Accretion

Front 80

What is a Craton?

Back 80

The original stable portion for a accretion to build upon.

Front 81

Name some subduction mountains of significance.

Back 81

Japan, Phillipines, Alaskan Alleution Islands.

Front 82

Mountain Building studied is called a(n) ____. By:
- tectonic event
- geographical event
- chronological event

Back 82

Orogeny.

Front 83

What builds the biggest mountains?
a. continental/continental collision
b. oceanic/continental collision

Back 83

a. continental/continental collision

Front 84

The Caledonians Mountains were once part of what mountain chain?

Back 84

Appalachians.

Front 85

_______ events occur solely as a result of plate tectonics.

Back 85

Orogenic

Front 86

Name of the mountain and valley in this example.

Back 86

Horst Graben

Front 87

Basin and Range is a series of _____ & ______.

Back 87

Horst & Grabens

Front 88

What other method of building mountains besides compression is ______.

Back 88

Extension (horst and graben)

Front 89

Most of the Basin and Range geologic province is located in what US state?

Back 89

Nevada

Front 90

What type of faults would you expect to find in these areas?

Back 90

Normal.

Front 91

Name a cinder cone volcano.

Back 91

Diamond Head, Hawaii
Sunset Crater, Arizona

Front 92

What mountain range was formed by continental collision between India and Asia?

Back 92

The Himalayas.

Front 93

Alaska was completely created by _______

Back 93

Accretions.

Front 94

A fragment of crustal material formed on, or broken off from, one tectonic plate and accreted

Back 94

Terrane.

Front 95

What method of mountain building creates a Cordillera?

Back 95

oceanic subduction continental collision.

Front 96

Lava that has high viscosity is _____.

Back 96

Rhyolitic.

Front 97

Lava that has low viscosity is _____.

Back 97

Basaltic.

Front 98

A lava with an intermediate composition would be called _______.

Back 98

Andesitic.

Front 99

Lava composition that is most likely to form pyroclastic flows is ______.

Back 99

Rhyolitic.

Front 100

Lava composition that is most likely to form volcanic domes_____.

Back 100

Rhyolitic.

Front 101

Cinder cones are likely made from what type of lava?

Back 101

Basalitc (also shield volcanos, and basalt plateaus from table in notes).

Front 102

What is the old and stable part of the continental lithosphere. Having often survived cycles of merging and rifting of continents, are generally found in the interiors of tectonic plates.

Back 102

Craton

Front 103

(GH)
The Greenville orogeny was due to continental collision during the _______ supercontinent 1.2-0.9 bya.

Back 103

Rodina

Front 104

(GH)
About 750 mya rifting started in the supercontinent Rodina that formed the ______ basin.

Back 104

Ococee basin.

Front 105

(GH)
The ococee basin and rodina rifting may have stopped or failed for sometime forming ______ rocks.

Back 105

Sedimentary.

Front 106

(GH)
About 620 mya Rodina resumes rifting and creates the Iapteus Ocean or _______-_______ ocean.

Back 106

Proto-Atlantic.

Front 107

(GH)
During the Iapteaus Ocean or Proto-Atlantic time ______ sands are formed around areas we now know as Pilot Mountain and Linville Falls.

Back 107

Beach.

Front 108

(GH)
At 500 mya _______ zones in the Iapetus ocean began moving the continents together again.

Back 108

Subduction

Front 109

(GH)
In the 500 mya range the subduction zones creates an Island arc that would become the NC ______ region in future accretions.

Back 109

Piedmont

Front 110

(GH)
460 mya the island arcs collide and create the Piedmont ________ which is the ______ orogeny.

Back 110

TERRANE which is the TACONIC orogeny.

Front 111

(GH)
Nearly 400 mya the ______ orogeny is formed in the collision with ______ terranes.

Back 111

ACADIAN orogeny is formed in the collision with GONDWANA terrnes.

Front 112

(GH)
About 330 mya Gondwana continent collides with North America to form the _______ orogeny and form the supercontinent ________.

Back 112

ALLEGHENY orogeny and form the supercontinent PANGEA.

Front 113

(GH)
When the Allegheny orogney is formed in huge thrust ______ and ________ form.

Back 113

thrust FAULTS and MOUNTAINS form.

Front 114

(GH)
A geologic window is:

Back 114

A place where older rock is found on top of younger rock.

Front 115

(GH)
This is called a:

Back 115

Geologic window due to older rocks on top of younger rocks.

Front 116

(GH)
After Pangea and mountain building occurs in the Appalachains, the super continent rifts about 220 mya and forms the _____ ocean.

Back 116

Atlantic.

Front 117

(GH)
The size of the Appalachian mountains have changed greatly after the formation of Pangea due to:

Back 117

Erosion.

Front 118

(GH)
The Piedmont Terrane and Grandfather Terrane are examples of what geologic historical formation?

Back 118

Island Arcs accreted the the North American craton.

Front 119

A fault line when not in an earthquake is considered.
a. locked
b. unlocked
c. elastic
d. rebound

Back 119

a. locked

Front 120

Elastic rebound along a fault line can be described as:
a. slow
b. predictable
c. inch worming
d. rubberband

Back 120

c. inch worming

Front 121

The largest recorded earthquake had what magnitude? Located where?

Back 121

9.5 in Chille

Front 122

The largest recorded North American earthquake had what magnitude? Located where?

Back 122

9.2 Alaska

Front 123

How do earthquakes kill people?

Back 123

CollapsingBuildings, bridges, also tsunami's and landslides. The earthquake itself is not very dangerous.

Front 124

The 2004 earthquake in Sumatra is significant because:

Back 124

Created huge tsunami that wiped out cities and killed ~200,000+ people in low lying areas.

Front 125

90% of all earthquakes occur where?

Back 125

On tectonic plate boundaries.

Front 126

Name the 4 earthquakes caused by other activities than fault lines:

Back 126

•Volcano
•Nuke test
•Landslide
•Meteor impact

Front 127

Body waves from earthquake are made of what other waveforms:

Back 127

P and S waves

Front 128

P-waves are also called _______ waves and are ____waves.

Back 128

Primary
Body

Front 129

P-waves are also called _______ waves and are ____waves.

Back 129

Body
Primary

Front 130

Does body wave or surface wave cause the most damage?

Back 130

Surface

Front 131

What is the type of motion is created by a P-wave?

Back 131

Push-Pull

Front 132

This diagram represents what type of earthquake waves?

Back 132

Body Waves (p & s)

Front 133

This diagram represents what kind of earthquake waves?

Back 133

Surface waves that travel along the moho/crust.

Front 134

What earthquake waves do not travel through liquid?

Back 134

S-Waves

Front 135

How do we tell the distance between the where the earthquake was and where it was monitored?

Back 135

Time between the P-wave and S-wave measurement is used to calculate distance.

Front 136

How would you find the horizontal location of an earthquake?

Back 136

By triangulating 3 distances from the 3 monitoring stations.

Front 137

The Richter scale is what kind of mathematical scale?

Back 137

Log10

Front 138

Because the Richter scale is logrithmic, each unit of magnitude on the Richter scale is how many times in energy?

Back 138

32x amount of ENERGY for each unit.

Front 139

Each unit of magnitude on the Richter scale is how many times in amplitude?

Back 139

10x.

Front 140

Name the 4 major USA earthquakes:

Back 140

San Francisco CA 1905 ~8
Alaska 1964 9.2
Loma Prieta, CA 1989 6.9
Northridge, CA 1994 6.7

Front 141

What is the modified Mercalli scale?

Back 141

Method of estimating earthquakes based on historical written record from before the time of instrumentation measurement.

Front 142

Using the Modified Mercalli scale and other physical evidence there was a major earthquake in what city?

Back 142

Charleston SC around 1886

Front 143

What is liquefaction?

Back 143

When a normally solid material acts like a liquid under pressure and vibration.

Front 144

Areas along known faults without seismic activity represent:

Back 144

High earthquake hazard areas.

Front 145

Name 4 famous world earthquakes:

Back 145

•Chile 1960 9.5
•Turkey 1999 7.4, 17,000 killed due to mud/brick buildings
•Kobe Japan 1995 7.2
•Sumatra 2004 9.1, tsunami kills ~250,000

Front 146

Which of the following are major hazards of earthquakes:
a. fire
b. landslide
c. liquefaction
d. disease

Back 146

All of them.
•fire (ruptured gas lines)
•landslides
•liquifaction (causes broken water/sewer/gas mains and destabilizes building foundations)
•disease (disruption to potable water and sanitary conditions that result)

Front 147

How does a 5' change in sea floor in a dip/slip fault create a 30' tsunami?

Back 147

When the water gets shallow the energy forces the wave into higher amplitudes and slower speeds.

Front 148

What is the difference between A'a and pahoehoe lava?

Back 148

Temperature it flows out of the volcano at.

Front 149

What part of earthquakes can we predict?

Back 149

The location, but not when.