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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is a volcano |
an erupting vent which molten rock surfaces |
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a volcano is a mountain built from... |
magmatic eruptions |
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volcanoes are caused |
tectonic activity |
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volcanoes take 3 forms, what are they |
lava flows pyroclastic debris volcanic gases |
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what are lava flows |
molten rock that moves over the ground |
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what are pyroclastic debris |
fragments blown out of a volcano |
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what are volcanic gases |
vapor and aerosols that exit a volcano |
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lavas with high silica and low fe and mg are called |
silicic, felsic, or rhyolitic |
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lavas with low silica and high fe and mg are called |
basaltic or mafic |
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lavas with moderate silicic, fe, and mg are called |
intermediate or andesitic |
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high silicic explosions are |
very explosive |
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low silicic explosions |
flow slowly |
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intermediate and felsic magma erupt |
explosively |
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pyroclastic flow is also called |
nue ardentes |
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Famous eruptions with Pyroclastic Debris are |
Mt. Vesuvius Mt. Pelee Mt. Augustine |
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Tephra |
Deposits of pyroclastic debris of any size |
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Tuff |
Lithified ash with or without lapilli |
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Lahars |
tephra that is moved by water (dangerous & deadly) |
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Calderas |
a volcanic depression, forms from massive eruptions |
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What are some famous Calderas |
Crater Lake, Oregon Yellowstone National Park
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Types of Volcanoes |
Shield Volcano Cinder Cone Stratosphere |
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what is a shield volcano |
broad, slightly domed shaped (inverted shield) |
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what is a cinder cone volcano |
conical piles of tephra - the smallest type of volcano |
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Stratovolcanoes |
Large, cone shaped volcano |
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What are some famous Stratovolcanoes |
Mt. Fuji Mt. Rainer Mt. Vesuvius |
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viscosity |
controls the ease of lava flow basaltic: flows away felsic: builds up at vent |
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gas pressure |
greater pressure favors explosive style basaltic: allows gas release felsic: prevents gas release |
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environment |
where eruption occurs is important submarine lava: quenched quickly subaerial: cools slower |
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What's a famous oceanic hotspot |
Hawaii |
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What's a famous continental hotspot |
Yellowstone |
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mid-ocean ridges |
spreading axes |
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convergent boundaries |
subduction zones |
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continental rifts |
incipient ocean basins |
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oceanic and continental hot spots |
mantle plumes |
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what is metamorphic |
changed from an original parent |
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parent rocks are called |
protoliths |
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the agents of metamorphism are |
heat pressure compression/shear hot water |
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metamorphism occurs as the result of |
heat |
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when heat energy breaks, it... |
reforms atomic bonds |
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what are sources of heat |
the geothermal gradient magmatic intrustions compressions |
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pressure increases with |
depth in the crust |
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heat and pressure changes with |
depth |
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mineral stability is depended upon |
heat and pressure |
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preferred platy mineral alignment is called |
foliation |
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hydrothermal fluid is |
hot water with dissolved ions and volatiles |
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hydrothermal fluids facilitates |
metamorphism |
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hydrothermal alteration is called |
metasomatism |
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the two major subdivisions of metamorphic rocks are |
foliated and non foliated |
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foliated |
has a through-going planar fabric with differential stress |
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non foliated |
no planar fabric crystalized |
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limestone |
marble |
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sandstone |
quartzite |
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the types of metamorphism are |
thermal - heating by plutonic intrusion burial- increases in P & T by deep burial dynamic- shearing in a fault zone regional- P & T alteration due to orogenesis hydrothermal- Alteration by hot water leaching subduction- High P to Low T alteration shock- Extremely high P attending an impact |
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Earth shaking caused by a... |
rapid release of energy |
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Energy in earth quakes moves outward like... |
waves |
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what is seismology |
the study of earthquake waves |
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seismicity occurs due to |
motion a long a newly formed crustal fracture (fault) |
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hypocenter |
the spot within the earth where the earthquake waves originate |
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epicenter |
land surface above the hypocenter |
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crustal blocks are classified as |
footwall (block below the fault) hanging wall (block above the fault) |
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what is a normal fault |
a hanging wall that moves down |
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what is a reverse fault |
hanging wall that moves up |
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what is a thrust fault |
special kind of reverse fault, it's not steep |
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what is strike-slip fault |
blocks slide laterally past one another |
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body waves |
pass through earths interior Compressional or primary waves- expands and travels through anything
Shear or secondary waves- shaking motion, and travels only through solids |
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surface waves |
travel along Earth's surface |
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Waves arrive in... |
sequence P waves S waves Surface waves last |
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earthquakes are linked to |
plate tectonic boundaries |
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what are some examples of continental transform faults |
San Andreas, Anatolian |
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Liquefactions |
waves liquefy h2o-filled sediments |
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Tsunami results when |
earthquakes change the sea floor |
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can earthquakes be predicted |
yes and no |
