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49 Cards in this Set
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earthquake |
a sudden and violent shaking of the ground, sometimes causing great destruction, as a result of movements within the earth's crust or volcanic action. |
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fault |
a planar or gently curved fracture in the rocks of the Earth's crust, where compressional or tensional forces cause relative displacement of the rocks on the opposite sides of the fracture |
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hypocenter |
the point within the earth where an earthquake rupture starts. |
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epicenter |
The point on the Earth's surface that is directly above the focus (the point of origin) of an earthquake. |
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seismic wave |
shock waves in solid rock generated by earthquakes or underground explosions |
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elastic rebound |
a theory of earthquakes that envisages gradual deformationof the fault zone without fault slippage until friction is overcome, when the fault suddenly slips to produce the earthquake |
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fault creep |
measurable surface displacement along a fault in the absence of notable earthquakes |
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megathrust fault |
earthquakes that occur at subduction zones at destructive convergent plate boundaries |
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seismology |
the branch of science concerned with earthquakes and related phenomena. |
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seismograph |
an instrument that measures and records details of earthquakes, such as force and duration. |
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inertia |
the property of matter by which it retains its state of rest or itsvelocity along a straight line so long as it is not acted upon by anexternal force. |
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seismogram |
The record of an earth tremor made by a seismograph |
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surface waves |
A seismic wave that travels across the surface of the Earth as opposed to through it |
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body waves |
A seismic wave that travels through the earth rather than across its surface |
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primary waves |
a longitudinal earthquake wave that travels through the interior of theearth and is usually the first conspicuous wave to be recorded by aseismograph. |
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secondary waves |
a transverse earthquake wave that travels through the interior of theearth and is usually the second conspicuous wave to reach aseismograph |
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intensity |
the severity of an earthquake in terms of its effects on the earth's surface and on humans and their structures. |
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magnitude |
characterizes the relative size of an earthquake |
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modified mercalli intensity scale |
This scale, composed of increasing levels of intensity that range from imperceptible shaking to catastrophic destruction, is designated by Roman numerals. It does not have a mathematical basis; instead it is an arbitrary ranking based on observed effects. |
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Richter Scale |
as a mathematical device to compare the size of earthquakes. The magnitude of an earthquake is determined from the logarithm of the amplitude of waves recorded by seismographs. |
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moment magnitude |
a scale. is used by seismologists to measure the size of earthquakes in terms of the energy released.
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liquefaction |
strength and stiffness of a soil is reduced by earthquake shaking or other rapid loading. |
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tsunami |
a long high sea wave caused by an earthquake, submarine landslide, or other disturbance. |
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deformation |
the action or process of changing in shape or distorting, especially through the application of pressure. |
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elastic deformation |
A temporary shape change that is self-reversing after the force is removed, so that the object returns to its original shape, i |
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brittle deformation |
when a rock breaks
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ductile deformation |
When rocks bend or flow, like clay |
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fold |
one or a stack of originally flat and planar surfaces, such as sedimentary strata, are bent or curved as a result of permanent deformation. |
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anticline |
a ridge-shaped fold of stratified rock in which the strata slope downward from the crest. |
frowny face |
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syncline |
a trough or fold of stratified rock in which the strata slope upward from the axis. |
smiley face |
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dome |
distinct, rounded, spherical-to-ellipsoidal-shaped protrusions on the Earth's surface. |
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basin |
s a large low-lying area. It is often below sea level. |
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dip-slip fault |
caused by a combination of shearing and tension or compressional forces. |
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hanging wall block |
occurs above the fault plane |
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footwall block |
occurs below the fault plane |
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fault scarp |
small step or offset on the ground surface where one side of a fault has moved vertically with respect to the other. |
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normal fault |
which the hanging wall has moved downward relative to the footwall. |
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fault-block mountain |
formed by the movement of large crustal blocks when forces in the Earth's crust pull it apart. |
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horst |
, a horst is the raised fault block bounded by normal faults or graben |
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graben |
a depressed block of land bordered by parallel faults. |
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reverse fault |
A geologic fault in which the hanging wall has moved upward relative to the footwall. |
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thrust fault |
reverse faults that dip less than 45°. |
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strike-slip fault |
fractures where the blocks have mostly moved horizontally. |
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transform fault |
a strike-slip fault occurring at the boundary between two plates of the earth's crust. |
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orogeness |
The process of mountain formation by deformation of the Earth's crust. |
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passive continental margin |
he transition between oceanic and continental lithosphere which is not an active plate margin. |
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accretionary wedge |
a mass of sedimentary material scraped off a region of oceanic crust during subduction and piled up at the edge of the overriding plate. |
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terrane |
a fault-bounded area or region with a distinctive stratigraphy, structure, and geological history. |
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microcontinent |
an isolated fragment of continental crust forming part of a small crust plate |
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