Geology Ch.11

Front 1

surface water flowing to the sea in streams and rivers

Back 1

runoff

Front 2

some water seeps into the ground of a vast, subterranean resevoir

Back 2

ground water

Front 3

water also evaporates directly from plants as they breathe in

Back 3

transpiration

Front 4

all water flowing in a channel

Back 4

stream

Front 5

any large stream fed by smaller ones

Back 5

tributaries

Front 6

steepness of a stream

Back 6

gradient

Front 7

amount of water flowing down a stream

Back 7

discharge

Front 8

refer to the shape and roughness of a stream channel

Back 8

channel characteristics

Front 9

floor of the channel

Back 9

bed

Front 10

sides of the channel

Back 10

bank

Front 11

stream is a measure of the largest particle it can carry

Back 11

competence

Front 12

the total amount of sediment a stream can carry past a past a point in a given amount of time

Back 12

capacity

Front 13

ions dissolved in water

Back 13

dissolved loads

Front 14

smaller silt and clay particles remain in the water

Back 14

suspended load

Front 15

during a flood, when stream energy is highest, the rushing water can roll boulders and cobbles along the bottom as?

Back 15

bed load

Front 16

downward erosion

Back 16

downcutting

Front 17

deepest level to which it can erode its bed

Back 17

base level

Front 18

smooth, concave profile

Back 18

graded stream

Front 19

undercuts the valley sides and widens a stream valley

Back 19

lateral erosion

Front 20

most low gradient streams flow in a series of bends

Back 20

meanders

Front 21

sediment accumulates in the slower water on the inside of the meander to form a?

Back 21

point bar

Front 22

where the stream cuts across the neck of a meander and isolates an old meander loop

Back 22

oxbow lake

Front 23

flows in many shallow, interconnecting channels

Back 23

braided stream

Front 24

in a fan-shaped mound

Back 24

alluvial fan

Front 25

sediment settles out to form a nearly flat landform

Back 25

delta

Front 26

stream feeding a delta or fan splits into many channels

Back 26

distributaries

Front 27

when rainfall is heavy or snow melt is rapid, more water flows down a stream than the channel can hold

Back 27

flood

Front 28

the stream overflows onto low-lying adjacent land

Back 28

flood plain

Front 29

wall built along the banks of a stream to prevent rising water from spilling out of the stream channel onto the flood plain

Back 29

artificial levee

Front 30

engineers have tried to solve the problem of channel sedimentation by dredging

Back 30

artificial channels

Front 31

when these ice blocks melt, they leave depressions, which then fill with water, forming?

Back 31

kettle lake

Front 32

poorly nourished

Back 32

oligotrophic

Front 33

high nutrient supply

Back 33

eutrophic

Front 34

boundary between the warm and cool layers

Back 34

thermocline

Front 35

it sinks mixing the surface and deep waters and equalizing the water temperature

Back 35

turnover

Front 36

water that seeps into the hold is a part of the vast reservoir

Back 36

ground water

Front 37

proportional volume of these open spaces

Back 37

porosity

Front 38

porosity indicates the amount of water that rock or soil can hold

Back 38

permeability

Front 39

completely wet layer of soil and bedrock above the barrier

Back 39

zone of saturation

Front 40

top of the zone of saturation

Back 40

water table

Front 41

dig below the water table into the zone of saturation

Back 41

well

Front 42

body of rock or soil that can yield economically significant quantities of water

Back 42

aquifer

Front 43

where the water table intersects the land surface and water flows or seeps onto the surface

Back 43

spring

Front 44

top of a layer of impermeable rock or clay lies above the main water table, creating a locally saturated zone

Back 44

perched water table

Front 45

inclined aquifer, such as the sandstone layer, bounded top and bottom by impermeable rock

Back 45

artesian aquifer

Front 46

forms when acidic water seeps into cracks in limestone, dissolving the rock and enlarging the cracks

Back 46

cavern

Front 47

an icicle-like dripstone, deposited from drops of water, that hang from the ceiling of a cavern

Back 47

stalacite

Front 48

a deposit of mineral matter that forms on the floor of a cavern by the action of dripping water

Back 48

stalagmite

Front 49

if a roof a cavern collapses

Back 49

sinkhole

Front 50

forms in broad regions underlain by limestone and other readily soluble rocks

Back 50

karst topograpy

Front 51

hot water naturally flows to the surface

Back 51

hot springs

Front 52

violently erupt hot water and steam

Back 52

geysers

Front 53

energy extracted from the earth's heat

Back 53

geothermal energy

Front 54

swamps, bogs, marshes, sloughs, mud flats, and flood plains

Back 54

wetlands