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50 Cards in this Set
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Ash |
Tiny glass shards formed when a fine spray of exploded lava freezes instantly upon contact with the atmosphere. |
Dust sized materials from blown volcanos |
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Assimilation |
The process of magma contamination in which blocks of wall rocks fall into a magma chamber and dissolves.
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contamination of magma before solidifying incorporate chemicals dissolved from wall rocks of chamber or blocks detached from wall and sank into the magma |
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Batholith |
A vast composite, intrusive, igneous rock body up to several hundred km long and 100 km wide, formed by the intrusion of numerous plutons in the same region.
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Immense mass of igneous rock formed from plutons that intruded 145 to 80 Ma years ago |
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Bowen's Reaction Series |
The sequence in which different silicate minerals crystallize during the progressive cooling of a melt.
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The squence of mineral producing reaction that take place in a cooling, initially magic magma. |
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Crystalline Igneous Rock |
A rock that consists of minerals that free when a melt solidified, and eventually interlock like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle.
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Consists of mineral crystals that inter grown when the melt solids fits together like pieces of jigsaw puzzle. |
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Decompression Melting |
The kind of melting that occurs when hot mantle rock rises to shallower depths in the Earth so that pressure decreases while the temperature remains unchanged.
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The place where hot mantle rock rises to shallower depths in the earth. Occurs at mantle plumes, rifts, and mid-ocean ridges. |
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Dike |
A tabular (wall-shape) intrusion of rock that cuts across the layering of country rock.
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Tabular intrusion that cuts across preexisting layering |
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Extrustive Igneous Rock |
Rock that forms by the freezing of lava above ground, after it flows or explodes out (extrudes) onto the surface and comes into contact with the atmosphere or ocean.
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The cooled magma welded together comes in contact with air or water |
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Flood Basalt |
Vast sheets of basalt that spread from a volcanic vent over an extensive surface of land; they may form where a rift develops above a continental hot spot, and where lava is particularly hot and has low viscosity.
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Hot basaltic lava that erupts at localities has low viscosity that can flow hundreds of km across the landscape |
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Flux Melting |
Flow - Transformation of hot solid to liquid that occurs when a volatile material injects into the solid.
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Volatiles are substances such as water and carbon dioxide, evaporates easily can exist in gaseous forms. Melting due to addition of volatiles is flux melting. |
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Fractional Crystallization |
The process by which a magma becomes progressively more silicic as it cools, because early-formed crystals settle out.
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The process which magma chambers become isolated from the magma then settling |
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Fragmental Igneous Rock |
A rock consisting of igneous chunks and/or shards that are packed together, welded together, or cemented together after having solidified.
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From pyroclastic debris and consist of igneous chunks shards that are packed together, welded together, or cemented together after rocks are distinguished from one another by fragment size. |
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Geotherm |
The change in temperature with depth in the Earth.
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Curving line on a graph plots temperature on the horizontal axis and pressure on the vertical axis |
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Glassy Igneous Rock |
igneous rock consisting entirely of glass, or of tiny crystals surrounded by a glass matrix.
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Rocks made of solid mass of glass or glass surrounding isolated small crystals, typically fracture conchoidally. |
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Heat-Transfer Melting |
Melting that results fro the transfer of heat from a hotter magma to a cooler rock.
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Results from movement of thermal energy from hotter material to cooler one. Happens at rifts, along convergent-plates, and hot spots. |
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Hyaloclastite |
A rubbly extrusive rock consisting of glassy debris formed in a submarine or sub-ice eruption.
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A special type of volcanic breccia forms when lava erupts under water or ice, and violently shatters into glassy fragments reacting chemically with surrounding water. |
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Igneous Activity |
the formation, movement, and in some cases eruption of molten rock, around the world, occurs in volcanic arc of convergent-plate boundaries, within rifts, and new plate boundaries.
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Igneous Rock |
Rock that forms when hot molten rock (magma or lava) cools and freezes solid.
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Big Island is covered in igneous rocks. Igneous means fire. Occurs on surface and under ground. |
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Intrusive Contact |
The boundary between country rock and an intrusive igneous rock.
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Laccolith |
A blister shaped igneous intrusion that forms when magma injects between layers underground in a manner that pushes overlying layers upward to form a dome.
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Magma injecting between layers get blocked cannot spread laterally, so it accumulates and forms a blister-shape intrusion |
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Lapilli |
Any pyroclastic particle that is 2 to 64 mm in diameter the particles can consist of frozen lava clots, pumice fragments, or ash clumps.
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Debris which erupt in explosions ejected in turbulent clouds fall like hail on or near the volcano |
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Large Igneous Provence (LIP) |
A region in which huge volumes of lava and/or ash erupted over a relatively short interval of geologic time.
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Lava |
Molten rock that has flowed out onto the Earth's surface.
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Lava is melt above the surface and under surface is magma |
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Lava Flow |
Sheets or mounds of lava that flow onto the ground surface or seafloor in molten form and then solidify. |
flow of lava forming lava rivers or lakes then cools |
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Magma |
Molten rock beneath the Earth's surface. |
Melt underground where above ground is lava |
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Magma Chamber |
A space below ground filed with magma. |
Chimney like column along planar cracks or thin sheets between existing layers |
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Obsidian |
An igneous rock consisting of a solid mass of volcanic glass.
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Mass of vesicle-free felsic glass that tends to be black or brown. |
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Partial Melting |
The melting in a rock of the minerals with the lowest melting temperatures, while other minerals remain solid.
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Are more felsic than source rock which they were derived as silica enters the liquid |
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Pegmatite |
Microscopic plankton shells and fine flakes of clay that settle out and accumulate on the deep-ocean floor.
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A very course-grained igneous rock, which contain crystals up to tens of centimeters accord, occrus in dikes. |
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Pluton |
An irregular or blob-shaped intrusion; can range in size from tens of m across to tens of km across.
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Irregular blob-shape intrusions |
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Pumice |
A glassy igneous rock that forms from felsic frothy lava and obtains abundant pore space (over 50%)
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Felsic volcanic rock contains abundant vesicles, giving appearance of a sponge, formed by quick cooling of frothy lava, contains gas bubbles |
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Pyroclastic Debris |
Fragmented material that sprayed out of a volcano and landed on the ground or sea floor in solid form.
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pyro means fire and kastos means broken clouds of shattered pre-existing igneous rocks and frozen droplets of lava |
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Pyroclastic Flow |
A fast-movng avalanche that occurs when hot volcanic ash and debris mix with air and flow down the side of a volcano.
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Fast-moving hot avalanche of ash and other debris races down the surface of volcanos, destroying everything in its path |
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Pyroclastic Rock |
Rock made from fragments that were blown out of a volcano during an explosion and were then packed or welded together.
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Material deposits consolidates into solid mass, either welded together of still-hot coasts to later cementation by minerals precipitating from ground water. |
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Scoria |
A glassy, mafic, igneous rock containing abundant air-filed holes.
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Mafic volcanic rock that contains abundant vesicles bigger than those in pumice, more glassy, dark in appearance. |
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Sill |
A nearly horizontal tabletop-shaped tabular intrusion that occurs between the layers of country rock.
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Tabular intrusion that injects between layers from a volcano |
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Stoping |
A process by which magma intrudes; blocks of wall rock breaks off and then sinks into the magma.
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Pluton intrusion process during which magma assimilates wall rock, blocks off wall rock break off and sink into the magma. |
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Superplume |
A huge mantle plume.
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Plumes that bring up vastly more hot asthenosphere than normal plumes |
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Tachylite |
A vescile-free mass consisting of more than 80% magic glass, is rare in comparison with obsidian.
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Tuff |
A pyroclastic igneous rock composed of volcanic ash and fragmented pumice, formed when accumulations of the debris cement together.
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Fine-grained pyroclastic rock composed of volcanic ash or mixed with lapilli-size pumic fragments. |
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Vesicle |
Open holes in igneous rock formed by the preservation of bubbles in magma as the magma cools into solid rock.
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Rapid cooling lava freezes while it still contains gas bubbles, bubbles remain open holes as vesicles. |
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Viscosity |
The resistance of material to flow.
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resistance flow of liquid which affects the speed with which liquids moves. |
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Volcanic Agglomerate |
An accumulation consisting dominantly of volcanic bombs and other relatively large chunks of igneous materials.
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Consists of accumulation of lapilli or bombs |
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Volcanic Arc |
A curving chain of active volcanoes formed adjacent to a convergent plate boundary.
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Chain of volcanos that develop along a convergent boundary |
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Volcanic Breccia |
A pyroclastic igneous rock that consists of fragments of volcanic debris, which either fall through the air and accumulate or form when sliding lava breaks up during flow.
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Consists of angular fragments of volcanic debris that have been cemented together |
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Volcaniclastic Rock |
A material composed of cemented-together grains of volcanic material; it includes both pyroclastic rocks and rocks formed from accumulation of water-transported volcanic debris.
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Any rock that contains a large proportion of volcanic fragments |
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Volcano |
1) A vent from which melt from inside the Earth spews out onto the planet's surface (2) a mountain formed by the accumulation of extrusive volcanic rock.
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Reference to a hill or mountain, lava fountain or lava lakes |
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Wall Rock |
Igneous rock forms from magma that pushed its way into pre-existing rock, then solidified out of view underground.
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This process is referred to igneous intrusion |
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Xenolith |
A relict of wall rock surrounded by intrusive rock when the intrusive rock freezes. |
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Igneous Intrusion |
When hot lava or magma pushes into existing rocks. |
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