Geology And Water Movement

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Hydrological cycle

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Powered by energy from sun

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Water soaks into the ground slowly moving downward, finally seeping into lakes, streams, and oceans

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Infiltration

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Surplus flows from surface

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Runoff

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Plants give off water to atmosphere

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Transpiration

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Evaporation and transpiration

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Evapotranspiration

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Most important agent sculpturing Earth's land surface

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Water

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Land that contributes water to river system

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Drainage basin

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Drainage basin of one stream separated from another. Imaginary line

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Divide

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3 Roles of Rivers and Streams

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1. Erode channels in which they flow
2. Transport sediments provided by weathering and slope processes
3. Produce wide variety of erosional and depositional land forms

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3 River system parts

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1. Zone of erosion
2. Zone of sediment transport
3. Zone of sediment deposition

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Transports sediments between zone of erosion and deposition

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Trunk stream

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Water flows in 2 ways

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1. Laminar flow
2. Turbulent flow

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Stream Velocity determined by

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1. Gradient
2. Shape, size, roughness of channel
3. Discharge

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Volume of water flowing past a certain point in a given unit of time

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Discharge

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Discharge=

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width x depth x velocity
m x m x m/s=
m^3/s

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Streams that exhibit flow only during wet periods

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Intermittent

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Streams that exhibit flow in arid climates, only after heavy trainstorm

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Ephemeral

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Most important erosional agent

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Streams

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Stream load consists of material

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1. in solution -disolved load
2. in suspension
3. sliding or rolling along the bottom- bed load

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Max size of particles capable of being transported

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Competence

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Max load a stream can carry

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Capacity

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Material deposited by a stream

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Alluvium

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Streams actively cutting into solid rock

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Bedrock channels

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Bed and banks composed maily of unconsolidated sediment

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Alluvial channel

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Factors affecting alluvial stream shape

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1. size of sedimet
2. channel gradient
3. discharge

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2 types of alluvial streams

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1. meandering
2. braided

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Lower limit to how deep a stream can erode

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base level

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2 types of base levels

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1. ultimate base level
2. temp/local base level

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Sides of valleys shaped by

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1. weathering
2. overland flows
3. mass wasting

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2 types of stream valleys

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1. narrow V valley
2. wide valleys with flat floors

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Valley deepening caused by

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1. bedload sliding and rolling
2. hydraulic power of fast moving water

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sand and gravel deposits

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bars

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depositional land forms with longer life spans

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deltas
natural levees
alluvial fans

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tributary stream that can't enter until it breaches levee

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yazoo tributary

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area behind levve that is poorly drained

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backswamps

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most common drainge patter

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dendritic

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most common and most destructive of all geologic hazards

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floods

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Types of floods

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1. regional
2. flash floods
3. ice jams
4. dam failure

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Flood control

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1. artifical levees
2. building of flood control dams
3. river channelization
4. artificial cut offs
5. nonstructural