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148 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the "Big Bang" theory?
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All mass and energy at a single point exploded and has been expanding ever since. Collapse resulted in temp, density, and rate of rotation
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What is the "Doppler Effect"?
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Allows us to detect star motion- transmitted in the form of waves, sounds like a moving train (higher pitch approaching, lower pitch departing)
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What is "The Red Shift"?
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How far away a distant object is.
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The Expanding Universe
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Light from galaxies was seen to be 'red shifted', Hubble recognized this.
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What is "Necleosynthesis"?
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(Formation of elements) --> we are all made of stardust. Stars are 'element factories' and the BIG BANG formed lighter elements.
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Formation of the Solar System
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Nebular Theory, heavier elements produced, the ball at the center grows dense and hot, fusion reactions begin= the Sun is born. Irregularly shaped proto-Earth develops- interior heat and softens, gravity shapes Earth into a sphere. A small planetoid collides with the Earth, debris form a ring around the Earth and forms the Moon.
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What is "The Big Crunch"?
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Earth collapsing
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Estimate age of the Universe
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14 billion years old
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What theory supports expansion theory?
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The Doppler Effect
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What are "planetismals"?
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accumulate into larger masses, interior of the Earth heats up, and becomes soft, gravity shapes the Earth into a sphere, a small planetoid collides with the Earth, debris form a ring around the Earth and forms the Moon.
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Why did Pluto drop out?
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Pluto is an icy planet that forms the kulper belt with out planets, Pluto is a dwarf planet.
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Terrestial Plants
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Small, dense, rocky planets- Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars (4 most inner planets)
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Jovian Planets
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Large, low density, Gas-giant planets- Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune (4 most outer planets)
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The Asteroid Belt
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Lies between Mars and Jupiter
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What are stars?
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Immense balls of incandescent gas, gravity bounds stars together into vast galaxies, our Sun is one of 300 billion stars in the Milky Way Galaxy
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Formation of the Earth
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The atmosphere develops from volcanic gases. When the Earth becomes cool enough: Moisture condenses and accumulates, the oceans are born.
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What are the components of planet Earth?
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-An Atmosphere (gaseous envelope)
-A hydrosphere (surface and near-surface water, "Blue Planet") -A lithosphere (outer, rigid, shell of the Earth") -Earth's interior -A powerful magnetic field |
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Earth's magnetic field
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Earth has a dipolar magnetic field, lines flow from N to S, extend into space, and weaken with distance from Earth, create a shell around the Earth= magnetosphere.
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Magnetosphere
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Shell around the Earth, deflects solar winds, near the earth the stronger magnetic field forms the Van Allen belts, which arrest deadly cosmic radiation.
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Aurorae
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Some ions escape Van Allen belts, pulled to the magnetic poles the ions generate light when they interact with atmospheric gases
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Aurora borealis
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Northern Lights
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Aurora australis
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Souther Lights
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The Atmosphere
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Only Earth has an atmosphere, densest at sea level and thins upwards, mostly nitrogen.
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Elemental Composition of the Earth
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4 Elements make up 90% of the Earth.
-Iron -Oxygen -Silicon -Magnesium |
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Earth's Layers
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We live on the thin outer layer of Earth. The Earth has three layers- the crust, the mantle, and the core (inner and outer)
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How do we know the Earth has layers?
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Earthquakes= seismic waves pass through Earth
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Earth's Crust
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Continental and Oceanic, "outermost" skin of Earth w variable thickness
-thickest under mountain ranges, thinnest under mid-ocean ridges. |
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The "Moho"
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Separates the crust form the upper mantle
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Earth's Mantle
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Upper and Lower, composition is the ultramafic rock (mostly Fe, Mg, Ca, Si, O) hot mantle rises, cold mantle sinks. Three subdivisions: Upper, transitional, and lower
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Earth's Core
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Outer (liquid) and Inner (Solid) Flow in the outer core generates Earth's magnetic field
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Compositional Layers
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-Crust (continental, granitic)
-Mantle (Ultramafic rock) |
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Mechanical Layers
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-Lithosphere
-Asthenosphere |
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Lithosphere
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-crust and upper mantle
-outermost -non-flowing -rigid material that moves as tectonic plates |
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Asthenosphere
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-upper mantle below lithosphere
-shallow under oceans, deep under continents -flow as a soft solid |
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Plate Tectonics
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-proposed by German Alfred Wegener
-noted continents seem to fit together and have simply drifted from each other |
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Paleoclimatic Evidence
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-placing Pangea over the Permian South Pole
-predicted tropical coals, reefs, deserts, salt-deposits -fossil evidence -similar rock types -"bar magnet" intersects Earth's surface |
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Earth's Magnetic Field
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Two components= declination, inclination
-Acts like a giant bar magnet -Some rocks align to the magnetic field which permits rocks to preserve information |
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Declination
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Difference between magnetic North and geographic (true) North
-changes where you are on Earth |
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Inclination
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Tilt of a compass needle from the Horizon
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How do we preserve magnetic signature in rocks?
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Above 330-550 degrees C
-Thermal energy of atoms high -Magnetic dipoles randomly oriented -No magnetic signature Below 350-550 degree C -Thermal energy slows atoms -Dipoles align with Earth's field -Material permanently magnetized |
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Compositional Layers
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-Crust (continental, granitic)
-Mantle (Ultramafic rock) |
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Mechanical Layers
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-Lithosphere
-Asthenosphere |
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Lithosphere
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-crust and upper mantle
-outermost -non-flowing -rigid material that moves as tectonic plates |
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Asthenosphere
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-upper mantle below lithosphere
-shallow under oceans, deep under continents -flow as a soft solid |
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Plate Tectonics
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-proposed by German Alfred Wegener
-noted continents seem to fit together and have simply drifted from each other |
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Paleoclimatic Evidence
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-placing Pangea over the Permian South Pole
-predicted tropical coals, reefs, deserts, salt-deposits -fossil evidence -similar rock types -"bar magnet" intersects Earth's surface |
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Earth's Magnetic Field
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Two components= declination, inclination
-Acts like a giant bar magnet -Some rocks align to the magnetic field which permits rocks to preserve information |
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Declination
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Difference between magnetic North and geographic (true) North
-changes where you are on Earth |
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Inclination
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Tilt of a compass needle from the Horizon
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How do we preserve magnetic signature in rocks?
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Above 330-550 degrees C
-Thermal energy of atoms high -Magnetic dipoles randomly oriented -No magnetic signature Below 350-550 degree C -Thermal energy slows atoms -Dipoles align with Earth's field -Material permanently magnetized |
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Paleomagnetism
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Study of fossil magnetism
-ancient rocks reveal latitude/longitude |
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"Polar Wander"
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paleomagnetism from ancient lavas didn't align with the present magnetic field
-Rocks of different ages registered different "paleopoles" -constructed for each continent -tracks the apparent changes of the position of the Earth's magnetic poles over time -STRONG evidence for continently drift |
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Paleopoles
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the supposed positions of the Earth's magnetic poles over time
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The discovery of sea-floor spreading
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During WWII military needs boosted ocean floor exploration
-mid-ocean ridges, deep-ocean trenches were discovered |
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Mid-Ocean Ridges
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Mountain ranges that run through every ocean basin
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Deep-Ocean Trenches
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occur very near the continents, most line the pacific ocean, some deep enough to swallow mount everest!
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Marine Magnet Anomalies
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instrument that measures the strength of the Earth's magnetic field recorded in rocks
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Magnet Anomaly
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difference between the expected strength of the magnetic field and the actual magnetic field
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Positive Magnetic Anomalies
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strength of measure magnetic field is stronger
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Negative Magnetic Anomalies
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strength of measured magnetic field is weaker
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Normal Polarity
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North geographic pole and north pole coincide
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Positive Marine Magnetic Anomaly
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occurs where ocean floor rocks formed during a time when the Earth's magnetic field displayed normal polarity
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Negative Marine Magnetic Anomaly
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occurs where the ocean floor rocks record reverse polarity
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Sea Floor Spreading
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-explains the stripes
-parallel to mid-ocean ridges |
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Divergent Plate Boundaries
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Tectonic plates move apart
-lithosphere thickens away from the ridge |
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Convergent Plate Boundaries
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plates move together
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Transform Plate Boundaries
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Tectonic plates slide sideways past each other
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Plate Tectonics
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the KEY to understand geology
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Mineral
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"Building blocks" of rocks
-naturally occurring -solid -definite chemical composition -ordered atomic arrangement mostly inorganic |
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Crystalline structure
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-atoms in a mineral are specifically ordered
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Glass
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a solid with disordered atoms
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Color
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the diagnostic for some minerals
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Streak
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mineral color crushed on an unglazed porcelain plate
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Luster
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the way a mineral surface scatters light--> metallic, or non metallic
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Hardness
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scratching resistance of a mineral
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Specific Gravity
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related to density, how much it weights- high or low
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Cleavage
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tendency to break along planes of weakness
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Fracture
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minerals lack planes of lattice weakness, equal strength of molecular bonds in all directions
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Mineral Compositions
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Oxygen and Silicon are the most common, only about 50 minerals are abundant
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Mineral Classes
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Classified based upon the dominant anion silicate minerals- silicate minerals dominate Earth's crust
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Independent Tetrahedra
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share no oxygens- linked by cations
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Single Chain Tetrahedras
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single-chain structures bonded with Fe and Mg
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Sheet Silicas
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two dimensional sheets of linked tetrahedra, one directions of perfect cleavage
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Framework silicas
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all four oxygen atoms in the silica tetrahedra are shared
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Rocks
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Earth materials made form minerals, coherent, naturally occurring solid, consisting of an aggregate of Minerals or a mass of glass
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Igneous Rocks
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form from the solidification of molten rock (magma)
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Sedimentary Rocks
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form in two main ways
1) cementing together of grains broken off pre-existing rocks 2) precipitation of mineral crystals out of water solutions |
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Metamorphic Rocks
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form when preexisting rocks change character due to a change in pressure and temperature conditions and or/ applied forces (stretching, squashing)
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Igneous Rocks
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Solidified molten rock that freezes at high temperatures
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Magma
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subsurface melt
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Lava
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melts at the surface
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Intrusive Igneous Rocks
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cool slowly underground
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Extrusive Igneous Rocks
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cool quickly at the surface
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What is magma made of?
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Three components: solid, liquid, gas
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Magma Compositions
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4 types based on silica percentage-
-Felsic -Intermediate -Mafic -Ultramafic |
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Phaneritic
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Coarsely crystalline
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Aphantic
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Finely crystalline
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Almost all tectonic plate boundaries can be recognized by...
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The presence of earthquake belts along them
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The apparent polar-wander paths for continents that were connected over some span of geologic history will likely ____________ concerning the positions of the ancient magnetic pole.
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Agree
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The youngest sea floor occurs...
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Along mid-ocean ridges
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Sea-floor spreading is driven by volcanic activity...
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Along mid-ocean ridges
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At a convergent plate boundary, two opposed plates...
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Move toward each other
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Unlike the lithosphere, the asthenosphere
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Is relatively weak and flows readily
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Mid-ocean ridges are:
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Divergent plate boundaries
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The stream of charged particles given off by the Sun, which prevented the accumulation of hydrogen and helium during the formation of the terrestrial planets, is called...
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Solar Wind
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In the Heliocentric model...
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The Earth orbits around the Sun
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Aside form Earth, the terrestrial plants are...
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Mars, Mercury, and Venus
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With increasing altitude, the concentration of gases in our atmosphere...
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Becomes less dense
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The shape of the Earth's magnetic field is approximately that of a...
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Dipole
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By ,ass, the four most abundant elements in the earth are...
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Iron, Oxygen, Silicon, Magnesium
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Of the three primary chemical layers of the Earth (Crust, Mantle, Core), which is the densest layer?
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Core
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Among the choices below, the best estimate of the age of the Universe is...
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14 billion years old
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Strong evidence that the Universe is expanding comes from the fact that the light emitted from distant galaxies appears to be:
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Red-shifted
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Within the sea floor, the rate of heat flow is greatest...
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Along the mid-ocean ridges
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Diamond and graphite are both polymorphs of pure carbon. T or F
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True
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In silicate minerals, silicon tetrahedra might be coordinated to form...
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ALL OF THE ABOVE- long chains, 3-dimensional framework, 2-dimensional sheets
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The most abundant minerals belong to a chemical group named...
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Silicates
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Two distinct minerals have may have the same chemical formula. T or F
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True
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Synthetically made (mad made) glass and natural quartz crystals both exhibit a fracture pattern called...
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Conchoidal
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Which of the following is NOT a mineral?
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A and B are NOT, but C is...
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Cleavage in minerals refer to...
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A tendency to break along planes of weakness
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If a body of magma is subjected to fractional crystallization, the rock that results is expected to be...
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More mafic than the magma
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The difference between lava and magma is that...
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Magma is found beneath the Earth's surface, whereas lava has reached the surface
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The geoterm is the rate of change of...
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Temperature with depth in Earth's interior
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When magma crystallizes _______ are formed...
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Intrusive igneous rocks
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Geologically, melts are equivalent to both...
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Lavas and magmas
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A dike is...
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A sheet-like intrusion that cuts across surrounding layers of rock
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As compared to coarse-grained igneous rocks, all fine-grained igneous rocks...
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Cool and solidify more quickly
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A blob-like igneous rock body found beneath the surface of the Earth is called a...
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Pluton
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When rock is partially melted, the chemistry of the melt is...
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More mafic than the original chemistry of the rock that was partially melted
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The silica tetrahedron that forms the backbone of all silicate minerals is composed of silicon and what other element?
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Oxygen
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The color of a mineral in powdered form is termed...
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Streak
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With regard to minerals, hardness refers to...
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An ability to being scratched by other substances
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A blob-like igneous rock body found beneath the surface of the Earth is called a...
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Pluton
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When rock is partially melted, the chemistry of the melt is...
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More mafic than the original chemistry of the rock that was partially melted
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The silica tetrahedron that forms the backbone of all silicate minerals is composed of silicon and what other element?
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Oxygen
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The color of a mineral in powdered form is termed...
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Streak
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With regard to minerals, hardness refers to...
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An ability to being scratched by other substances
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A blob-like igneous rock body found beneath the surface of the Earth is called a...
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Pluton
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When rock is partially melted, the chemistry of the melt is...
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More mafic than the original chemistry of the rock that was partially melted
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The silica tetrahedron that forms the backbone of all silicate minerals is composed of silicon and what other element?
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Oxygen
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The color of a mineral in powdered form is termed...
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Streak
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With regard to minerals, hardness refers to...
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An ability to being scratched by other substances
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A blob-like igneous rock body found beneath the surface of the Earth is called a...
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Pluton
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When rock is partially melted, the chemistry of the melt is...
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More mafic than the original chemistry of the rock that was partially melted
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The silica tetrahedron that forms the backbone of all silicate minerals is composed of silicon and what other element?
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Oxygen
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The color of a mineral in powdered form is termed...
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Streak
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With regard to minerals, hardness refers to...
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An ability to being scratched by other substances
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