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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Principle of uniformitarianism |
Principles of geology have not changed over time, laws we see today have been applied throughout history "The present is the key to the past" |
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Are Earths processes fast of slow? |
Slow |
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What part of Earths surface makes up the crust/tectonic plats? |
Lithosphere "Lithospheric plates" |
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Are continents stable? |
No, they move |
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Explain tectonic plate recycling |
Material can be recycles into Earths interior and new material comes up around plate edges |
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What causes natural disasters? |
The movement of the tectonic plates |
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How are bonds formed? |
Using electrical charges |
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What makes up an atom |
Protons, neutrons, and electrons |
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What is an ion? |
An element missing an electron |
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Sizes of molecules |
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Who was the first geologist? |
William smith |
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Read the map |
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Name the types of bonds from strong to weak |
Covalent (electron shared by ions) Ionic (electrostatic attraction) Metallic (electron not bound to individual nucleus) |
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What is the problem with elements subbing for one another? |
They won't have balanced charges |
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Ionic bond |
Electrostatic attraction Example: graphite breaks up onto paper |
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Metallic bond |
Electron not bound to individual nucleus Example: conductors like aluminum and copper |
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What are the 6 defining characteristics of a mineral? |
1 solid 2 definite chemical composition 3 occurs naturally 4 inorganic 5 highly ordered arrangement of atoms=crystal structure 6 electrical charges must be balanced in the mineral |
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How are crystals formed? |
They are formed in the arrangement that atoms attach to the nucleus Ions get through by diffusion |
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In order to identify a mineral what two things are needed? |
Chemical composition Specific crystal structure |
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Poly morph |
Minerals that have the same chemical composition but different chemical structures Example: diamond and graphite are both made of carbon but have different chemical structures |
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Name three rocks that are not true minerals and why |
Glass, obsidian, coal They lack a crystal structure |
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What is Earths crust made of? |
#1 oxygen #2 silicone #3 aluminum #4 iron #5 calcium |
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Silicate mineral |
Most abundant group of rock-forming minerals Made of carbon so they can bond in many different ways |
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What is a silicated mineral's typical components? |
Magma Sediments Granites |
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Single-chain silicates |
Add different elements to balance out the mineral |
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Double-chain silicates |
Typically add iron and calcium |
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Ring silicates |
The silicates that make gemstones such as emeralds, ring have lots of space to tuck weird things in |
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Silicate sheets |
A bunch of double chain silicates bonded together Example: muscovite and biotite sheets are one molecule thick |
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Tetrahedra-framework silicates |
Quartz and feldspar |
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Plagioclase feldspar |
Undergoes chemical substitution that is temperature dependent NaAlSi3O8>CaAl2Si2O8 |
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Carbonates |
Need a CO3 or CO-2 anion group |
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Name three major carbonates |
Calcite Aragonite Dolomite |
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Sulfides |
Metals bonded with sulfer |
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Name three sulfides |
Lead, zinc, pyrite |
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Environmental interlude |
Consequences for mining in the environment Example: mining nickel-copper sulfides may lead to acid mine drainage in rainy River and BWCAW |
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Halides |
Metal element bonded with Chlorine, Flourine, or bromine |
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Silicone has a charge of what? |
+4 |
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What electrical charge does oxygen carry? |
-2 |
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Solid solution series |
Change in chemical composition (elements subbing for one another) |
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Stability depends on |
Temperature Pressure |
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Recrystallization happens when |
The temperature and pressure change causing the mineral to recrystallize into a form that is stable under those conditions |
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Silicate minerals form in what arrangement |
Tetrahedral |
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C |
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