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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Earthquake Shaking
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Due to rapid release of energy
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How does energy move?
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Outward, vibrations, waves, motion = shaking, rumbling, after/foreshocks
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Destruction Scope
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3.5 million people in 2000 years
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Seismicity
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1. Movement along newly formed faults
2. Movement along existing faults 3. Change in mineral structure 4. Inflation of magma chamber 5. Volcanic eruption 6. Landslides |
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Faults
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Fractures in the crust, help move rock masses
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Amount of fault movement
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Displacement/slip
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Hypocenter
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Spot in the earth where the earthquake waves originate (usually on a fault SURFACE)
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Epicenter
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Spot on surface above hypocenter
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Fault Motion
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1. Jumps
2. Stick/slip Stick = Friction Slip = Overwhelmed by motion |
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Elasticity
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A property of materials that results in wave propagation and earthquakes
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Elasticity
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Capacity to return precisely to the original configuration after distortion
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Elastic Rebound Theory
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Explanation for how energy is spread during earthquakes (Strain, release, break, back to original configuration)
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Necessary for wave propagation (2)
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1. Elasticity
2. Source of energy |
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Foreshocks/Aftershocks
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Energy radiates outwards as waves, vibrations then motion
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Wave
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A disturbance that TRANSFERS/TRANSMITS ENERGY
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Longitudinal Waves
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Motion is the same direction as propagation (Compression waves)
-sound |
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Transverse Waves:
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Motion is perp. to propagation
-light |
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Body Waves (move thru the earth's interior)
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1. P Waves (fastest, push/pull, through solids, liquids and gases)
2. S Waves: (slower, shaking motion, through solids only) |
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Surface Waves (intersect with surface)
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1. Love Waves: Like a writhing snack, transverse, horizontal motion
2. Rayleigh Waves: Like ripples in a pond, slowest but most destructive |
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Sequence
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P, S, L , R
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Locating Epicenter
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1. S-P
2. 3 Locations with equal radii |
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Earthquake Size (2)
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1. Magnitude
2. Intensity |
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Mercalli's Intensity Scale
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Roman numerals, intensity as damage, relative scale
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Richter's Scale
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Amount of ENERGY released, highest amplitude, logarithmic
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Damage
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P Waves - up/down
S Waves - back/forth L Waves- Writhes R Waves = MOST DESTRUCTIVE |
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Liquefaction
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Waves LIQUEFY H20 filled sediment
This causes a slurry which can create quicksand/quick-clay |
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Severity of earthquakes depends on:
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1. Magnitude
2. Intensity 3. Distance from epicenter 4. Subsurface material 5. Sediments bounce waves = More Damage 6. Bedrock transmits waves = Less Damage |
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Destruction
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Fires, landslides, acalanches
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