Geology Review/topics To Know For Test 1

Front 1

Scientific Method

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Front 2

Big Bang and Nebular Hypothesis

Back 2

-All mass and energy in a “Single Point” and explosion/expansion ~13.7 Ga
-Atoms and molecules coalesce in gaseous nebulae

Front 3

What are the important science breakthroughs

Back 3

(1) Plate Tectonics
(2) Geologic Time
(3) Nebular Hypothesis
(4) Big Bang

Front 4

What is Geology and the types of geologic topics?

Back 4

(1) Physical: natural world
(2) Historical: evolution
(3) Environmental: relationship humans

Front 5

Who is the Father of Geology? Who made him famous?

Back 5

James Hutton
Proposed Uniformitarianism standard that is observed today

Front 6

What is Uniformitarianism and Catastrophism?

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Uniformitarianism: assumption that the same natural laws and processes that operate in the universe now, have always operated in the universe in the past and apply everywhere in the universe.

Catastrophism: Big event caused geology processes and rates

Front 7

Who came up with the Continental Drift Hypothesis?
What was the evidence for it? (5)

Back 7

Hypothesis by Alfred Wegener
(1) “Fit” of continents PUZZLE
(2) Location of glaciers GLACIERS
(3) Location/distribution of fossils FOSSILS
(4) Rock types and structural similarities ROCK
(5) Paleoclimates preserved in rocks CLIMATE

PGFRC please give frank red crayons

Front 8

What later evidence was gathered that changed the hypothesis to the unifying theory of Plate Tectonics?

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(1) Paleomagnetism
(2) Age of the ocean floor
(3) Volcano distribution
(4) Earthquake distribution
(5) Hot spots

MAVEH molly ate vegetables every holiday

Front 9

What are the driving forces of plate movement?

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(1) Convection currents
(2) Slab suction

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Explain how the distribution of volcanoes and earthquakes help define plate boundaries and what those plate boundaries are: convergent, divergent, transform

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Front 11

What are the properties of the plate boundaries? Stresses, geohazards, examples, locations, etc.

How does N.C. fit into the story?

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Front 12

How does the distribution of resources tie with plate tectonics? Where is gold found? How do you explain
its distribution in N.C. and California?

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Front 13

What is an igneous rock? What is magma and lava?

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Front 14

Where do igneous rocks form (boundaries)?

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Front 15

Put your knowledge to work from your minerals to build igneous rocks. What would a granite or basalt be
composed of for instance and where would they be found on earth?

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Front 16

Of course you know that you can have different rocks with the same composition; they may just have different
textures. Example: Pegmatite (very coarse-grained), Granite (coarse-grained), Rhyolite (fine-grained)
Textural terms then are important and knowing where phaneritic, intrusive vs aphanitic, extrusives form is
important. So be able to classify your igneous rocks (of course you should know this for lab too)
Can you tell me how minerals precipitate/form from a magma and why we have different compositions?
(Remember Bowen’s Reaction series (olivine first, quartz last), different parent magmas (boundary
controls), assimilation, crystal settling)

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Front 17

What are the “bodies” of igneous rock called after cooling? Sills, dikes, batholiths

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Front 18

How do we emplace magma into overlying rock?

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Front 19

Most important: The chart we constructed for the properties and occurrence of shield and composite volcanoes

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Front 20

What is a volcano and where do they occur? Based on this and the above info you should of course know where the
biggest geohazards are that are volcano-related.

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Front 21

What are the volcano “materials”? You remember gases (which has more felsic or mafic magmas?), pyroclastics,
and lava flows. Can you give a few examples of each?

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Front 22

I asked you to know several of the most important historic volcanoes: Tambora, Krakatoa, Pinatubo, Vesuvius, Mt.
Etna, Mount St. Helens and of course Mauna Loa and Kilauea in Hawaii. I hope you know a few things about them.
For instance, Pinatubo - ash and lahars and the fact that the weather changed; Krakatoa - tsunami, etc.

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Front 23

Volcanoes are the #3 geohazard. There were 6 different Hazards I gave you associated with them:
Lava flows, ashfalls, debris flows and lahars, tsunamis, weather and climate, and poisonous gases (remember Lake
Nyos). You should know a little something about what these are.

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Front 24

Mitigation and Prediction.
How do I prevent damage from lava flows? Diversion, cooling, hazard maps
Prediction: seismic activity, tiltmeters, monitor gases (increase in SO2, CO2, etc. = bad)

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Front 25

Expanding Universe

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- Light from galaxies was seen to be “red shifted.”
- Hubble recognized the red shift as a Doppler Effect
- red light (low frequency), away
- blue light (high frequency ) towards

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(1) P-Wave Travel

(2) S-Wave Travel

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(1) P waves travel through all materials

(2) S waves can’t pass through liquids

Front 27

What are the dominant elements?
(1) Crust:
(2) Whole Earth

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(1) Crust: Oxygen – 46% Silicon – 28%

(2)Whole Earth: Iron – 35% Oxygen – 30%

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Rifting

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- Continental lithosphere can break apart
- Continuation of this process leads to full sea-floor spreading

Front 29

Divergent Boundary, oceanic
(1) EX:
(2) Types of Rock/Volcanoes
(3) Physiographic Features

Back 29

Divergent, oceanic
(1) EX: Mid-Atlantic Ridge
(2) Basalt/Shield
(3) Mid-Ocean Ridge with Central Rift Valley

Front 30

Divergent Boundary, continental
(1) EX:
(2) Types of Rock/Volcanoes
(3) Physiographic Features

Back 30

Divergent, continental
(1) EX: East African Rift
(2) Basalt and Rhyolite/Shield to Intermediate
(3) Rift Valley

Front 31

Convergent Boundary, Continent/Ocean
(1) EX:
(2) Types of Rock/Volcanoes
(3) Physiographic Features

Back 31

Convergent Boundary, Continent/Ocean
(1) EX: Andes
(2) Andesite and more felsic/Composite
(3) Offshore trench, mountain belt

Front 32

Convergent Boundary, Ocean/Ocean
(1) EX:
(2) Types of Rock/Volcanoes
(3) Physiographic Features

Back 32

Convergent Boundary, Ocean/Ocean
(1) EX: Aleutians, Japan
(2) Andesite/Composite
(3) Trench, Island Arc

Front 33

Convergent Boundary, Continent/Continent
(1) EX:
(2) Types of Rock/Volcanoes
(3) Physiographic Features

Back 33

Convergent Boundary, Continent/Continent
(1) EX: Himalayas
(2) Deformation/Minor
(3) Mountain Belt

Front 34

Transform Boundary
(1) EX:
(2) Types of Rock/Volcanoes
(3) Physiographic Features

Back 34

Transform Boundary
(1) EX: San Andreas Fault
(2) Deformation/Minor or None
(3) Fault Valley and Lateral Offset