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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the stress associated with a convergent plate boundary?
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Compression
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What is the stress associated with a divergent plate boundary?
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Tension
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What is the stress associated with a transform plate boundary?
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Shear
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What are mineral polymorphs?
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Minerals with the same composition, but different crystal structures
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Aphanitic texture
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Individual crystals are too fine to be distinguished
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Phaneritic
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All crystals are visible
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Porphyritic
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Cookie dough texture
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Pegmatitic
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Very large crystals
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Pyroclastic
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Made up of fragments of materials ejected explosively into the air
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Mt. Ranier:
Volcano type Eruption type Magma type High or low viscosity? Boundary Hazards |
Mt. Ranier:
Volcano type: Composite/Stratovolcano Eruption type: Pyroclastic Magma type: felsic-intermediate High viscosity Boundary: Convergent Hazards:Lahars |
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Hawaii:
Volcano type Eruption type Magma type High or low viscosity? Boundary |
Hawaii:
Volcano type: Shield volcano Eruption type: Effusive Magma type: Mafic Low viscosity Boundary: Hot spot |
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Weathering
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Physical breakdown and chemical alteration of rock
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Erosion
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Physical removal of material by mobile fluids such as water, wind, or ice
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Compaction
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Pore space volume is reduced due to weight of overlying sediment
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Cementation
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Chemically precipitated minerals in pore spaces
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What are the main types of metamorphism?
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Contact, regional, shock
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Contact Metamorphism
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Heat from rising igneous intrusions metamorphose preexisting rocks
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Regional Metamorphism
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Metamorphism caused by deep burial or tectonic forces that increase temperature and pressure over broad regions
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Shock Metamorphism
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Meteorite impact indices extremely high temperatures and pressures
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Nonconformity
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Sedimentary rocks in contact with crystalline igneous or metamorphic rocks
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Disconformity
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The rocks above and below the unconformity are parallel (indicates erosion)
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Geologic Time Scale
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Eon: Phanerozoic (last 543 Ma)
Cenozoic (0-65 Ma) Mesozoic (65-251 Ma) Paleozoic (251-543 Ma) |
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Dominant life in the Cenozoic Era
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Mammals
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Dominant life in the Mesozoic Era
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Dinosaurs
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Dominant life in the Paleozoic Era
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Fish, corals, ferns
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Stress
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Force acting on a rock
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Strain
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The change of a rock's shape or volume as a result of the stress placed on it
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Types of Stress
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Compression, tension, shear
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Compressional Stress
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Rocks are pushed together (convergent boundaries and reverse faults)
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Tensional Stress
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Rocks are pulled apart (divergent boundaries, continental rifting, normal faults)
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Shear Stress
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Rocks shift past one another in a horizontal motion (transform boundaries, strike-slip faults)
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Types of Strain/Deformation
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Elastic, brittle, plastic
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Elastic Deformation
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Temporary, goes back to normal
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Brittle Deformation
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Permanent strain, cracks or fractures (faults)
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Plastic Deformation
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Permanent strain, folds or bends
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How is discharge calculated?
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Cross-sectional area (ft^2) x velocity (ft/s) = discharge (ft^3/s)
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What are the factors that control the rate of groundwater discharge?
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Condition and type of surface materials, vegetation, topography, precipitation
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Unsaturated Zone
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Both water and air occupy pore spaces
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Saturated Zone
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Water occupies pore spaces
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Water Table
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Boundary between saturated and unsaturated zone
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Porosity
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Total volume of pore space in sediment or rock
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Permeability
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Ability of water to flow through spaces in rock or sediment
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Aquifer
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Material that stores or transmits groundwater (high porosity and high permeability)
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Confined Aquifer
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In between 2 aquitards, isn't open to the surface
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Aquitard
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Doesn't store water very well
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Aquiclude
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Incapable of storing water
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Artesian Well
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A well where water flows naturally because of pressure (usually from a confined aquifer)
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Recharge
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The way a well is "refilled"
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What makes a good aquifer?
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Well-sorted, unconsolidated sediments
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What makes an aquitard?
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Somewhat poorly-sorted sediments or highly fractured rock
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What makes an aquiclude?
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Very poorly-sorted, consolidated sediment
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What are speleothems?
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Stalactites, stalagmites, columns
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Which one is a stalactite and which is a stalagmite?
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Stalactites hang, stalagmites point up
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What factors increase a wave's height?
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High wind speed, increased storm duration, longer fetch
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Wavelength
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Distance between crests
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Wave Height
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Vertical distance between crest and trough
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Period
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Time between successive waves to pass
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Swash Zone
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Zone where water runs up on a beach from a wave
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Surf Zone
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Offshore belt along which breaking waves collapse as they approach the shore
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Tidal Flats
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The area that lies above low tide but is flooded at high tide
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What is a longshore current?
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Wave refraction that moves sediment along the beach in a zigzag motion
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What are ripcurrents?
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Rapid currents draining the beach area through shallow nearshore bars
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What causes ocean tides on Earth?
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The moon's gravity. When the sun and the moon are at right angles there are extra low tides. When the sun and the moon are on the same or opposite sides there are extra high tides.
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What is a P wave?
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Aka Primary wave. Compressional waves that move fast through solid, liquid, and gas.
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What is an S wave?
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Aka Secondary wave. Waves move back and forth and side to side slowly through only solids.
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How are mid-plate earthquakes explained?
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Reactivation of faults at old plate boundaries, high pressure, increased rainfall, human-induced (eg through dams)
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