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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Induction
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Making generalizations from specific observations
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Deduction
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Making predictions (deductions) from pre-existing generalizations
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A theory is NOT as well tested as a hypothesis.
T or F |
FALSE
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Open system:
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– Energy and matter flow into and out of system
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• Closed system
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Self contained in that energy and/or matter does NOT enter or leave the system
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Earth's internal heat comes largely from?
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Fission of radioactive elements like uranium
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Dynamic Equilibrium
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Steady-state system that demonstrates a changing trend over time
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Steady-state equilibrium
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Amounts of energy and matter in storage are constant
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What is a measure of the quantity of matter in an object and usually expressed as grams and kilograms.
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Mass
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What is weight compared to mass?
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Weight is a measurement (e.g. pounds, tons) of the gravitational force acting on an object
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What is the most abundant element in the universe?
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Hydrogen
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All radiation has the same amount of energy regardless of wavelength.
T or F |
FALSE
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What is Reflection
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Waves bounce off the interface between two different materials
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What is Refraction
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The bending of waves while passing from one substance into another due to changes in velocity
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What is Diffraction
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The breaking up of a ray of light into dark and light bands or colors of the spectrum
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What is Force
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Something which causes objects into a motion or changes the motions of moving objects
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What is Active Remote Sensing
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directs beam of energy at a surface and analyze energy reflected back
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What is Passive Remote Sensing
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records energy radiated from a surface
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About Earths Geoid
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Sea level is not uniform everywhere, but varies in height from one place to another
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About Earths Geoid
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representation of sea level and is distorted relative to a perfect ellipsoid formed solely by Earth’s rotation
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What is Geographic Information
Systems (GIS)? |
Computer-based, data-processing tool for gathering, manipulating, and analyzing geographic information
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Gravitation force is balanced by?
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centrifugal force
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Thermonuclear reactions within the Sun's core include?
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- Fusion of hydrogen atoms into helium
- Release of positrons as reaction products - Release of neutrinos as reaction products |
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What are the steps in the formation of our solar system from an initial gas cloud called the solar nebula?
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1) Nebular dust and gases undergo gravitational collapse
2) Formation of the proto-sun; 3) Smaller planetesimals accrete into larger bodies 4) Larger bodies accrete into protoplanets; 5) Earth's interior differentiates to form a core, mantle, and crust. |
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how was the moon formed?
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Collision of the Earth with a large asteroid 4.5 billion years ago, followed by ejection of Earth material into space
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Outside of Earth, what two solar system bodies have recently been found to contain water?
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Mars and the Moon
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The largest volcanoes discovered in our solar system to date are found on?
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Mars
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Describe the Kuiper Belt?
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- Consists of small bodies composed largely of frozen methane, ammonia, and water
- Includes Pluto - Extends beyond the orbit of Neptune |
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Dark lines within the Sun's spectrum, known as Fraunhofer lines, are thought to?
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represent wavelengths within the Sun's spectrum that are absorbed by elements like hydrogen on the Sun
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The intensity of the solar wind reaching Earth is thought to increase during times of decreased sunspot activity.
T or F |
False, Solar wind intensity increases ONLY when sunspot activity is increased.
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Radiation emitted by Earth is of longer wavelength than radiation received from the?
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Sun
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The hotter the body, the wavelengths of maximum radiation emitted are?
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Longer
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What are Two Sources of Free Oxygen in Earth’s Early Atmosphere?
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Photosynthetic cyanobacteria and photochemical dissociation of water vapor
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What are the percentage of Today's atmosphere gasses?
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– Nitrogen: 78%
– Oxygen: 21% – Argon: 1% – Water: 0 to 4% |
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An ozone layer within Earth's stratosphere was already well-developed by 3.5 billion years ago.
T or F |
FALSE
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What is The Troposphere
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– Heated at the bottom
– Rising air cools – It rains or snows and blows |
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What is The Tropopause
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This boundary varies in height and is higher at equator because its warmer there than at poles
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What is The Stratosphere
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Why does the temperature starts to cool as you go upwards At the stratopause?
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– Because of the decreasing influence of ozone
– Mesosphere does not absorb any significant portion of solar radiation |
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Describe The Thermosphere
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Temperature increases upward because of interactions with the solar wind:
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The World Health Organization recently established a link between what?
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poor health and Particulate matter
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What are considered to be Anthropogenic pollution?
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- Carbon monoxide
- Particulates - Peroxyacetyl nitrates - Photochemical smog |
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What is aerosols?
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Small particles of dust, soot, and pollution suspended in the air
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Energy Pathways - Shortwave
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(mostly visible) energy from the Sun enters Earth’s atmosphere
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What is Refraction?
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Change in speed and direction of light, causing light path to bend
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What is Scattering?
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Changing direction of light’s movement, without altering its wavelengths
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What is Insolation input?
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All radiation received at Earth’s surface – direct and indirect
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What is Transmission?
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Passage of shortwave and longwave energy through atmosphere or water
Energy Pathways |
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Describe Energy Pathways - Longwave
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(infrared) energy is radiated from Earth
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What is Albedo and how is determined?
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The Reflective quality of a surface
– Darker colors have lower albedos (less reflective) – Lighter colors have higher albedos (more reflective) |
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How do greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and water vapor warm the atmosphere?
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Greenhouse gases delay the transfer of longwave radiation from Earth into space
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Explain the heat transfer process called Conduction
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Molecule-to-molecule transfer
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Explain the heat transfer process called Convection
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Energy transferred by movement
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Explain the heat transfer process called Advection
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Horizontally dominant movement
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Explain the heat transfer process called Radiation
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Energy traveling through air or space
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What is Absorption
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the assimilation of radiation and its conversion from one form to another:
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What is Net radiation
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the balance between incoming and outgoing radiation
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Describe Wind chill
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Correlates cold and wind speed
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Desribe Heat index
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Correlates heat and humidity
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Describe the different type of Heat that would be found in Hot deserts
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High sensible heat and low latent heat
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Which of the following statements more likely applies to land than water?
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Heats up faster during the day and cools down faster at night
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Describe the different type of Heat that would be found in a Moist, vegetated environment
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High latent heat and low sensible heat
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