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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Geology?
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The science that studies earth's materials, history, and processes.
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ions
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atoms with excess positive or negave charge (gain or loss of electrons from the outermost shell)
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cations
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positive charge, lose electrons
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anions
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negative charge, gain electrons
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isotope
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elements with different number of neutrons in the nucleus
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types of bonds
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COVALENT- electrons are shared between atoms (oxygen)
IONIC- transfer of electrons between cations and anions (salt) VAN der WAALS- weak attraction (graphit) |
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Most common elements by weight
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Oxygen, Silicon
stronger the mineral, stronger the bond |
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five requirements to be a mineral
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1. Naturally formed
2. Solid 3. Formed by inorganic processes 4. Specific chemical composition 5. Characteristic crystal structure |
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cleavage
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a preferred plane of weakness along which some crystals break
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crystal form
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The outward expression of the internal arrangement of atoms
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hardness
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a minerals resistance to scratching
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streak
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the color of a powdered mineral
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density
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the weight per volume of a mineral
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color
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not good for identifying minerals
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luster
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the way in which a mineral reflects light
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rock
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a held together, naturally occuring solid, consisting of an aggregate of one or more minerals, or a mass of natural glass or organic matter
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plutonic
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cools underground (magma)
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volcanic
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cools above ground (lava)
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freeze
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occurs as a substance transistions from a liquid to a solid.
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aphanatic
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fine grained
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phaneritic
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course grained
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magma
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molten material below the earths surface (intrusive)
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Lava
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molten material above the earths surface (extrusive)
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intrusive
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(plutonic) cools and solidifies below the earths surface
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extrusive
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(volcanic) cools and solidifies above the earths surface
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mafic
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(dark) low SiO2, iron, magnesium
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felsic/silicic
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(light) high SiO2, aluminum, calcium, sodium
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viscosity
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resistance to flow
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texture
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overall appearance, related to size, shape, and arrangement of minerals.
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Types of Volcano
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Non-explosive- low viscosity, low silica content (mafic), basaltic magma (lava).
Explosive- high viscosity, high silica contenet (intermediate, felsic), granitic magma (lava) |
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Shield Volcanoes
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broad, flat, volcano with gently sloping sides, built of successive lava flows.
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Basalt Plateaus
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lava emerges from elongated fractures or fissures and spreads widely to create vast, flat lava plains.
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Composit Cones
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large, nearly symmetrical, built by alternating layers of lavas and pyroclastic fragments
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main types of weathering
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mechanical- physical breakdown of rocks
chemical- decomposition of rock by chemical reaction |
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different types of mechanical weathering
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frost wedging- water penetrates into cracks, expands when it freezes
salt wedging- growth of minerals in cracks biological wedging- plant roots penetrate into cracks causing cracks to wide unloading- removal of pressure of deep burial thermal expansion- repeated daily heating and cooling of the rock; heat causing expansion; cooling causes contraction |
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different types of chemical weathering
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ion exchange- H+ replaces other cations
dissolution- mineral completely dissolves, leaving only ions in solution oxidation- reaction in which elements gain or lose electrons (ex: rust) |
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factors influencing weathering rates
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1. rock structure- chemical/mineral composition, physical features
2. topography 3. climate |
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regolith
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loose layer of broken rock and mineral fragments; dissolved ions
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talus
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rock slope, debri at bottom of the hill
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benefits of weathering
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-creates soil
-produces clay, sand, and gravel -produces minerals |
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Mohs hardness scale
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1-10
-low #s - soft -high #s - hard -relative scale -harder does the scratching |
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what are the sources of heat that causes rock to melt?
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radioactive decay
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what are the hazards associated with volcanoes?
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Tephra Fall, Pyroclastic Flows, Pyroclastic Surges, Lava flows, Lahars, Gases
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soil
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weathered surface that may form at top of regolith; forms better in wet and warm climate
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as you _____ pressure, you _______ temperature
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increase; increase
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lateral blasts
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the horizontal projection of material due to pressure release
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what transport mechanism moves to most material in a stream?
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suspended load
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Prune Effect Theory
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earth was cooling, therefore shrinking. but did not explain rift valleys or position of contients. only explains mountain formation
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Expanind Earth Theory
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earth was heating and expanding, but did not explain why there were mountains.
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Continental Drift Theory
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Pangea. then broke apart through plate tectonics
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striations
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linear grooves formed in the surface of some minerals as they grow.
-grow in minerals and scratch in rocks -ground into rock as glaciers glide across |
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what are the lines of evidence supporting the contintal drift theory?
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matching coastlines
matching geology glacial deposits fossil evidence apparent polar wandering |
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Plate tectonics
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unifying theory of geology. liquid layers boiling under crust which moves plates
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driving force between plate tectonics?
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lower pressure, water, what minerals make up the rock
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Divergent Plate Boundaries
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Tensional Forces
-rift valley -- continental-continental -mid-oceanic ridge -- oceanic-oceanic |
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Convergent Plate Bondaries
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Compressional Forces
-Andes Mountains -- O-C - Japan, Phillipines -- O-O - Himalaya Mountains -- C-C |
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Transform Plate Bondaries
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Sheer Forces
-San Andreas Fault -Slide Past Eachother |
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Hot Spots
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surface of earth caused by heat in mantel, burning hole in crust
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rift valley
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occur on divergent plate boundaries, firction breaks apart continental crust. can turn into oceans/seas
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water, wind, and ice transportation
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wind & water- sort material
ice - Plows and leaves in piles |
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explosive vs. nonexplosive
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explosive- magma composition of high silica
nonexplosive- low silica |
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continental crust vs. oceanic crust
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cont. - 4.5 billion yrs old
ocean - 200 million yrs old |
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what factors control melting
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time, temperature, pressure, minerology of rok, and presense of water
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types of lava
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pahoehoe- smooth
aa- rough surface and jagged blocks |
