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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the five characteristics of a mineral?
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naturally formed, inorganic, solid, consistent composition, and a consistent and characteristic crystal structure
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What is a crystal structure?
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the geometric arrangement of atoms and molecules characteristic of a mineral
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What is a crystal?
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a mineral that is made up of one internally-consistent growth, with crystal faces that reflect the crystal structure
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what is a rock?
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an aggregated solid, mostly made up of minerals, but can include other things (organic material for example)
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Are most minerals crystals?
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no
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Where do a mineral's characteristics stem from?
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the molecular bonding
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What are the four types of bonds?
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Ionic, Covalent, Metallic, and Van Der Waals
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What is the earth's crust made of?
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4000 known minerals, but only 30 common minerals. Quartz and feldspar = 75% of the earth's crust
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What is a defining characteristic of Silicates?
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the covalent bonding makes them powerful anions
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What are the types of most Silica Tetrahedra?
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isolated, bonded in chains, bonded in 3-D networks, bonded in sheets
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What types of minerals are in the same mineral group as Carbonates?
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Phosphates and Sulfates
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What are some characteristics of Carbonates?
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dominate our local mountains; make bones, thus fertilizer
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What is the third mineral group?
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Ores
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What are the three major rock types?
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Igneous, Sedimentary, Metamorphic
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How do you distinguish between the major rock types?
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texture mineral assemblage
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What are the two minerals that the earth is mostly composed of?
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Oxygen, then Silicon
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What's a good way to think of the 'ates' group? (carbonates, sulfates, phosphates)
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being formed in the ocean
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What is an important characteristic of the 'ates' group?
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fossils
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How are igneous rocks formed?
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the cooling and solidification of molten magma
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Why is the earth's core hot?
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radioactivity
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What are a couple of ways to describe metamorphic rocks?
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deformed, changed
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How are metamorphic rocks deformed and changed? How is this accomplished?
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They get deformed under heat and pressure. They either get buried or they get smashed at plate tectonic margins
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rock =
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more than one mineral
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What are some defining characteristics of sedimentary rocks?
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fossils and ripples
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What type of energy is 99% of the energy that drives the rock cycle?
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solar energy
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What is magma?
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a mixture of molten rock, rock fragments, and gasses
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What are Plutonic Igneous Rocks?
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rocks that are formed when magma cools under the earth's surface
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What are the two types of igneous rocks?
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plutonic igneous rocks and volcanic igneous rocks
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What is very important in distinguishing between intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks?
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texture
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What is the texture (horizontal axis) composition (vertical axis) table?
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-------------------------------------------
| granite | diorite | gabboro | ------------------------------------------- | rhyalite | andesite | basalt | |
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What are the differences between aphonetic, phaneritic, and porphyritic?
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Aphonetic: can't see any crystals with the naked eye
Phaneritic: CAN see the crystals Porphyritic: 2 stages, see SOME crystals |
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What are the three types of plutons?
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laccoliths, batholiths, and diatremes
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What are the types of lacoliths?
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sill (mushroom), dike (think pike), stock (more of a chamber), and xenoliths (inside batholiths)
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What is a continuous series?
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continuous balance of cations in bowen's reaction series; (100 / 0, 80 / 20, etc ...)
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What is a discontinuous series?
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one or the other, not a continuously changing ratio
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What is at the top of Bowen's Reaction Series?
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less Silica, higher temp
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What is at the bottom of Bowen's reaction series?
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more silica, less temp
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Describe the right side of Bowen's reaction series
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Continuous, Ca at the top, Ma at the bottom, feldspar on side of the arrow
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What are the minerals on the left side of Bowen's reaction series? (the discontinuous side)
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Olivine, Pyroxene, hornblende, brotite
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What minerals do both sides of bowen's reaction series meet at?
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Quartz, then muscovite
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Why is water important in magma reactions?
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generally cools melting temperature and some minerals have water in them (hornblende, Mica)
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What two processes allow us to get different minerals from the same core?
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partial melting and fractional crystalization
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How would you describe fractional crystalization?
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bowl of vanilla ice cream and chocolate
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what are the three types of magma?
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basaltic, andesitic, and rhyolitic
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where is basaltic magma found?
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continental and oceanic crust
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how is basaltic magma formed?
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dry partial melting of mantle
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where is andesitic magma found?
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near subduction zones
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how is andesitic magma formed?
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wet partial melting of the mantle
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where is rhyolitic magma found?
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farther into continental crust
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how is rhyolitic magma formed?
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wet partial melting of the crust
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What percentage of volacnoes are on land?
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15
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what are the two steps in a basaltic eruption?
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pyroclastic eruption (gasses), then the oozing flow
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What are the characteristics of magma?
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basaltic, less silica, higher temp., less gasses and water and less viscosity. Andesitic magma = intermediate. Rhyolitic magma = opposite of basaltic magma
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What is viscosity?
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a material's resistance to flow (thickness)
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What characteristics increase viscosity?
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more silica, lower temps, and more volatiles (H20, CO2, etc...)
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What are the four types of volcanoes? give an example of each
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basaltic shield (Hawaii) Basaltic
Cinder Cones Basaltic Stratovolcanoes (Mt. St. Helens) andesitic Caldera (crater lake) rhylitic |
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Mt St. Helens erupted with what type of reaction?
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Pilnian eruption
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Describe the steps of a Pilnian Eruptionn
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hot gasses and tehphra ejected into atomsphere (huge cloud)
blanket area with ash larger tephra collapses (forms a hot, very fast ground hugging lava flow |
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What are the three types of sedimentary rocks?
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biogenic, clastic, and chemical
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what stories do sedimentary rocks tell?
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weathering, transport, and deposition of sediment
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Describe Biogenic rocks
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produced mainly of remains of organism or from biologic activity
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describe clastic rocks
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formed of detritus transported from previous rock broken down by weathering
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describe chemical rocks
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formed from chemical precipitates
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What are the two processes that create sedimentary rocks?
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weathering (physical, chemical)
erosion |
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What are two examples of chemical sedimentary rocks?
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gypsym, halite
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In the sed rx table, what are the three headings in the table?
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size, sediment, and rock
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what are the different sizes?
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coarse, med, fine, very fine
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what are the sediments associated with the four sizes in the sed rx table?
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coarse: gravel, pebble, boulder
med: sand, mud fine: silt very fine: clay |
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what rocks are associated with coarse sized sed rx?
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conglomerate
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what rocks are associated with med sized sed rx?
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sandstone
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what rocks are associated with fine sized sed rx?
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siltstone
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what rocks are associated with very fine sized sed rx?
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mudstone, shale
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what is Kaibab? What is another example of biogenic sed rx?
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biogenic limestone; coal
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how is limestone formed?
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Little Critters that form their shells, then sed rx are formed with them in it
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what are the three sed rx properties?
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original horizontality, superposition, and faunal succession
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What is the Menkopi Formation?
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clastic sandstone and shale
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what are two examples of sedimentary structures?
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mudcracks and ripples
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what are the two Chinle Formations?
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Shinarump Member and Petrified Forest Member
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what is the Shinarump Member?
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clastic conglomerate
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What is the petrified forest member?
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tuffacedis shale
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what the moenave formation?
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gypsiferous sand and mudstone (chem sed rx)
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gypsum is a type of
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evaporite
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what are the two types of fossils that were talked about in class?
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body fossils, trace fossils
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What is key in forming sedimentary rocks?
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Subsidence
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Why sed rx rule:
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fossil fuels, reservoir for ground water, geological timescale, history of life and of other life's processes, and we live in places where they're being recycled and formed
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Straitagraphy?
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the arrangement, architecture, sequence of beds of sed rx
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What is a trace fossil?
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evidence of a thing without actually being the thing itself
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what is a fossil?
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any evidence of ancient life
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