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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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hypothesis
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a tentative explanation that is tested to determine whether it is valid
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theory
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a well tested, widely accepted view that explains certain observable facts
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expanding universe theory
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all stars in the universe will eventually burn out
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big bang theory
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first elements formed in the universe were hydrogen and helium
universe originated as a single dense, hot mass which expanded outwards 13.8 ba ago |
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big bounce theory
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universe will keep expanding and contracting forever
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George lemaitre
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proposed the big bang theory
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Edwin Hubble
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observed the red shifts of galaxies to determine that they are speeding away
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red shift
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increase in wave length of light
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blue shift
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decrease in wave length of light
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obliquity
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refers to the tilt of the planet's orbital axis (spin axis)
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venus
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upside down and rotates backwards
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uranus
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rotates on its side so it looks like its rolling along it's orbit
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ptolemaic model (greek)
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believed that earth was at the center
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Nicolaus Copernicus
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first scientist to show sun is at the center of the solar system
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mercury
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smallest planet in solar system
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Galileo
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first scientist to discover moons on planets other than Earth
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planetesimal accretion
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process of forming planets
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jovian planets
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massive, high velocity, thick atmosphere
NOT HIGH DENSITY |
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asteroids
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small planet-like body's between mars and jupiter
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Meteroid
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in space
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meteor
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earth's atomosphere
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meteorite
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found on earth
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elementary particles
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particles that have no substructure (nothing smaller)
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protons & neutrons are composed of
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quarks
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chemical element based on
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number of protons
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number of isotopes are based on
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number of neutrons
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ions
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atoms or molecules that possess and electrical charge
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two most abundant elements on Earth's crust
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silicon and oxygen
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streak
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gives a powder color on porcelain plate
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hardness
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resistance of a mineral to scratching
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micas
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sheet-like silicate structure
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copper
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native element
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pyrite
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sulfide
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calcite
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carbonate
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igneous rocks form by
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crystallization of molten rocks
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porpherytic igneous rocks
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large mineral crystals are mixed with smaller crystals
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cooling rate of magma increase
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smaller crystals
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magmatic differentiation
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process of generating more than one rock from a single magma
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Bowen's Reaction Series
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diagram that shows in order different crystallize cooling of magma
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discontinuous series of crystallization
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olivine and biotitte
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coquina
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rock composed of shell fragments
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continuous series of crystallization
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anorthite and albite
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marble
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metamorphic rock
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gniess
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highest grade of metamorphism
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most abundant rock on Earth's surface
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sedimentary rocks
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rock type associated with low- energy environments
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shale
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rock type associated with high energy
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conglomerate
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most abundant chemical sedimentary rock
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limestone
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created a graph that showed the relationship between start's brightness and temperature
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Einar Hertzsprung & Henry Russell
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absolute magnitude
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measure of stars brightness
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planet earth resides in the _______ supercluster |
virgo |
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white dwarf
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1/2 the size of the sun
fuel is used up |
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stars the same size as sun burn out, they release a ______ and collapse to a white dwarf
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planetary nebula
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neutron stars
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small, dense remnants of a explosive supernovas. where neutrons are forced w/ protons
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photons
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transmits energy from sun
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stellar paralax
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apparent shift in the position of nearby star from extreme points in the Earth's orbit six months apart
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name of black hole at the center of milky way
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Sagittarius A
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black hole
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massive star that collapse to such small volumes that its gravity prevent escape of all radiation
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hotspot
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area of crust directly above a rising mantle plume
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Pangaea
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200 million years ago all continents connected
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plate techtonic theory
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lithospheres plates are in motion, driven by corrective movement of mantle rocks
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crust
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thick, gigantic continental rock and thin basaltic oceanic rock
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lithosphere
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solid outer layer of Earth comprised of the crust and upper 100 km of mantle
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normal fault
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hanging wall move down relative to the foot wall
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strike-slip fault |
horizontal displacement of rock along strike or trend |
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At divergent margin, rocks are subjected to ____ stress
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tensional
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footwall
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rock surface below a dip-slip fault
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hanging wall
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rock surface above a dip-slip
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seven wanderers
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sun, moon, mercury, venus, uranus, jupiter, saturn
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