Geology

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#1
Elements

Back 1

are the basic building blocks of all elements
there are over 100 known

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#2
Atoms

Back 2

are the smallest particles of matter
have all the characteristics of an element

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#3
Electrons

Back 3

have a negative charge
exist in levels around the nucleus, the electron cloud

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#4
Protons

Back 4

have a positive charge
exist in the nucleus
# of protons = # of electrons

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#5
Neutrons

Back 5

have a neutral charge
exist in the nuclues

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#6
Atomic Number

Back 6

is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

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#7
Mass Number

Back 7

is the number of protons + electrons in the nucleus of an atom

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#8
Isotopes

Back 8

are atoms of the same element with differing numbers, which can change the mass number
many are radioactive & emit energy

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#9
Compound

Back 9

is made of 2 or more elements chemically joined

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#10
Ion

Back 10

is an atom that gains or loses electrons

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#11
Ionic Bond

Back 11

form between positive & negative ions

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#12
Covalent Bonds

Back 12

when atoms share electrons

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#13
Metallic Bonds

Back 13

when metal ions share electrons

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#14
Mineral

Back 14

naturally occuring
solid substance
orderly crystalline structure
definite chemical composition
generally considered inorganic - no carbon

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#15
The 4 Steps
Of
Mineral Formation

Back 15

crystallization from magma
precipitation
pressure
hydrothermal solutions

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#16
The 6
Mineral Groups

Back 16

silicates - silicon & oxygen
carbonates - carbon, oxygen, & 1 or more metallic elements
oxides - oxygen & 1 or more elements
sulfides - sulfur
halides - halogen ion & 1 or more other elements
native elements - exist in relatively pure form

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#17
Streak

Back 17

the color of a mineral's powder form

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#18
Luster

Back 18

the way a mineral shines in reflected light

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#19
Vitreous

Back 19

like shining glass

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#20
Moh's Scale

Back 20

what mineral hardness is measured on
identified numerically by standard minerals

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#21
Cleavage

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the splitting of a mineral along certain flat surfaces
related to the types of bonds in the internal structure of the mineral

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#22
Fracture

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the way a mineral tends to break
minerals that do not show cleavage when broken are said to have frature

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# 23
Igneous Rock

Back 23

formed from the crystallization of magma

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#24
Sedimentary Rock

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formed from preexisting particles that have been compacted/cemented

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#25
Metamorphic Rock

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formed from changing rocks within the Earth by extreme heat, pressure, or chemicals

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#26
Rock Cycle

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shows the interrelationship between the 3 rock types
driven by internal & external forces

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#27
Intrusive Igneous Rock

Back 27

formed deep within Earth
cools slowly, large crystals
coarse grained

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#28
Extrusive Igneous Rocks

Back 28

formed from lava at Earth's surface
cools quickly, small crystals
fine grained

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#29
Porphyritic Texture

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caused by different rates of cooling resulting in different sized particles

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#30
Clastic Sedimentary Rocks

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made of weathered bits of rocks & minerals
classified by particle size

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#31
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks

Back 31

formed when dissolved substances seperate from a water solution

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#32
Contact Metamorphism

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occurs when magma moves into rock

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#33
Regional Metamorphism

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results in large-scale changes
produces a lot of metamorphic rock
occurs during mountain building

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#34
Foliated Metamorphic Rock

Back 34

has a banded or striped appearance

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#35
Non-Foliated Metamorphic Rock

Back 35

doesn't have a banded appearance