Geol Set 2

Front 1

Five requirements of a mineral:

Back 1

1- Naturally occurring
2 - Compound
3 - Solid
4 - Crystalline
5 - Non - biological in origin

Front 2

Crystal Lattice or Lattice Structure

Back 2

Symmetrical repeating arrangement of atoms in a mineral.

Front 3

8 Properties used to identify minerals:

Back 3

- Color
- luster
- streak
- crystal form/habit
- hardness
- cleavage
- specific gravity
- piezoelectricity

Front 4

Luster

Back 4

whether the mineral looks metallic or non metallic.

Front 5

Crystal form/habit

Back 5

the arrangement the sides of the crystals make with one another. Visible result of atomic arrangement of crystal lattice. Geometric arrangement of crystal.

Front 6

Euhedral

Back 6

True sided

Front 7

Anhedral

Back 7

Not true sided

Front 8

Polymorphs

Back 8

Two minerals with the exact same composition, but different crystal structures

Front 9

Streak

Back 9

The color of the powder produced when a mineral is pulverized.

Front 10

Hardness

Back 10

A measure of a mineral relative ability to resist scratching and represents the resistance of bonds in the crystal structure to being broken.

Front 11

Specific gravity

Back 11

Density of a mineral

Front 12

Crystal habit

Back 12

Represents the shape of a single crystal of a mineral with well formed crystal faces.

Front 13

Cleavage

Back 13

When a mineral breaks to form distinctive planar surfaces that have a specific orientation in relation to the crystal structure.

Front 14

How are minerals classified?

Back 14

By the elements that make up the last part of the chemical formula, because these elements control the minerals chemical and physical properties to a large extent.

Front 15

Mineral groups:

Back 15

- Native elements
- Sulfides
- Carbonates
- Chlorides
- Oxides
- Silicates

Front 16

Native Elements

Back 16

When one element constitutes the entire structure.

Front 17

Sulfides

Back 17

Consist of a metal cation bonded to a sulfide anion (S2-).
Ex. FeS2 (pyrite)

Front 18

Carbonates

Back 18

Consists of CO3 anions bonded with positively charged cations to form a stable mineral.
Ex. CaCO3 (calcite)

Front 19

Chlorides

Back 19

Contain a chlorine anion. These are salts, necessary for nutrition and metabolism.
Ex. NaCl

Front 20

Oxides

Back 20

Consist of oxygen anions bonded to metal cations. Most form at earth's surface as a result of the combing with molecular oxygen in the atmosphere.

Front 21

Silicates

Back 21

Have some combination of SiO2 in their equation. Approximately 95% of minerals on Earth are silicates. Also called aluminosilicates.
- 4 oxygen atoms surround a silicon (or aluminum) atom to form a silicate tetrahedrom.

Front 22

Net charge of SiO4

Back 22

- 4, because:
1 oxygen has a -2 charge
1 silicon has a +4 charge

Front 23

5 common silicate crystal structures

Back 23

- Isolated tetrahedron
- Chain silicates
- Double chains
- Sheet silicates (phylosilicates)
- Framework silicates (tectosilicates)

Front 24

Isolated silicate tetrahedrons

Back 24

Share no oxygen molecules. Needs cations, such as Mg or Fe, to balance charge.
Ex. Olivine

Front 25

Single chain silicates

Back 25

Share one oxygen molecule to polymerize.
Ex. Pyroxene.

Front 26

Double chain silicates

Back 26

Share two oxygens to polymerize.
Ex. Amphibole

Front 27

Sheet silicates

Back 27

Share three oxygen molecules to form sheet - like arrangements. Have a single strong cleavage in one direction.
Ex. Mica and clay minerals

Front 28

Framework silicates (Tectosilicates)

Back 28

Each tetrahedron shares all four oxygen molecules with other tetrahedrons.
Ex. Quartz and Feldspars (plagioclase and k-spar)

Front 29

Temperature and Mafic vs Felsic

Back 29

Mafic silicates are darker and denser (enriched with Fe and Mg) and for at high temps.

Front 30

Order of polymerization in Bowen's Reaction Series from High to Low Temps

Back 30

Olivine (Isolated, no polymerization, more Fe and Mg) ---> Pyroxene (Single chain, one oxygen shared) ---> Amphibole (Double chain, two oxygen shared) ---> Mica (Sheet, three oxygen shared) ---> Quartz&Feldspar (Framework, all oxygen shared, felsic)

Front 31

Bowens: As temp decreases, % Mg and Fe...

Back 31

decrease

Front 32

Bowens: As temp decreases % silica...

Back 32

increases

Front 33

Bowens: As temp decreases, color gets...

Back 33

lighter

Front 34

Bowens: As temp decreases, density...

Back 34

decreases

Front 35

Bowens: As temp decreases, silicate interlink (bonding)...

Back 35

increases

Front 36

Calcium Plagioclase Feldspar forms at _________ temps than Sodium Plagioclase Feldspar.

Back 36

Higher

Front 37

Graphite

Back 37

Consists of Carbon atoms bonded via Van der Waals in hexagonal arrangements that cleave in thin sheets

Front 38

Diamond

Back 38

Consists of carbon atoms bonded covalently in cubic arrangements

Front 39

Glass

Back 39

Same as quartz, but the melt is quenched quickly so that the Si atoms line up incorrectly. This makes is lack crystallinity, therefore it's not a mineral.

Front 40

Mafic =

Back 40

Ma (magnesium) + Fic (ferric, fe: iron)