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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Deformation
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The change that a rock body undergoes in volume and or shape
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Elastic Deformation
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Temporary + reversible
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Plastic Deformation
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Permanent Folding 15km- below
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Brittle Deformation
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Permanent Fracturing. 0km-15km
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Stress
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The force that produces deformation
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Compression stress
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→ ← then →←
Dip-slip Reverse Fault Convergent Boundary right stepping/left lateral |
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Tension stress
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← → then ← →
Dip-slip Normal Fault Divergent Boundary |
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Shear stress
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→ ← gets smeared out like a deck of cards
Strike Slip Fault (left/right lateral) |
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Fault
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a fracture where you have clear displacement/offset
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Hanging Wall
Foot Wall |
HW on top
FW on bottom |
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3 types of Dip-slip
2 types of strike-slips |
normal, reverse, thrust
right-lateral, left-lateral |
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San Andreas Fault
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Right Lateral Strike Slip and transform plate boundary
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Majority of world's earthquakes occur where?
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Circum-Pacific Region. Lots of earthquakes from convergent plate boundaries. Subduction. Ring of Fire volcanoes
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Deepest earthquakes
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>300km deep. convergent plate boundaries. subduction zone.
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Elastic Rebound Theory
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Rock springs back to its original shape.
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Hypocenter
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focus
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Epicenter
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place above the focus where the earthquake hits.
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Fault Creep
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Some places have a lot of tension.
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Body Waves
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Primary Waves
Secondary waves |
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Surface Waves
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aka L-waves Can only travel along the surface, not through the earth
Rayleighwaves Lovewaves |
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Primary Waves
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Body Waves
P waves change in volume waves of compression |
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Secondary Waves
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Body waves
S waves change in shape |
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Rayleighwaves
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Surface Waves
change in shape opposite of an ocean wave, counterclockwise rotating motion |
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Lovewaves
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change in shape
up down up down |
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Order of when waves arive?
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Pwave --> Swave --> Lwaves
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P-S interval
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time between the Pwave and Swave
greater the distance is the greater the distance to the epicenter |
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Triangulation
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3 stations to locate where an earthquake occurs
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Intensity
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effects of the earthquake at any given location. Use the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale
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Magnitude
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direct measure of the earthquake's strength
Richter Scale/Magnitude Scale |
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Richter/magnitude scale
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1 step 10x ground 30x energy
2 step 100x ground 900x energy |
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Base shear
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shearing off the base of a building. have to prevent soft 1st stories
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Resonance
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When the period of the motion of the building is in sync with the motion of the wave. Softer the material the waves will slow down. If the wave slows down the vibrations will increase
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Liquefaction
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Cubic packing - grain is touching 4 other grains. There is pore space between grains.
Hexagonal Packing - grain touches 6 other grains. There is less pore space |
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Northridge Earthquake
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1994. 6.7 magnitude. Blind thrust fault. Sediment builds up over thousands of years. faults in the basins.
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Tsunami
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created by vertical boundaries. Caused by subduction zones.
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Landers/Big Bear 1992
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7.5 Magnitude in landers. 3 hours later 6.5 at big bear. landers triggered big bear.
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What segment of the San Andreas fault has a recurrence interval of about 22 years?
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Parkfield
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EQ Prediction?
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Seismic gaps
Recurrence Intervals Dilatancy |
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Dilation
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Expansion
As the stress increases dilation will occur. 1. small microcracks. 2. dilation expansion. 3. influx of water. this leads to a rupture aka earthquake |
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Predictions of dilation
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ground tilt
foreshocks measure electrical conductivity measure radon level |
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Mass Wasting
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down slope of a moving material under the influence of gravity
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Types of Mass Wasting Material
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Bedrock - rock
soil (wet or dry) - earth (wet or dry) H20 Saturated Soil - Mud Bedrock + Soil - debris |
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Types of Mass Wasting Motion
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fall - free fall
slide flow |
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Talus
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rock buildup at the base of a cliff. Water expands rocks and pushes them apart and they free fall off.
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Gros Ventre, Wyoming
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Debris Slide.
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Viaont Dam, Italy
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Debris Slide
human error. heave snow followed by a wet spring |
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Yungay, Peru
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Avalanche
Huascarian Peak Earthquake lead to the avalanche |
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New Madrid, MO 1811-1812
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3 great EQs in 53 days.
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Lisbon, Portugal 1755
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Intrapate. 3 great eqs in over 2 hours. Epicenter offshore of Lisbon. destroyed by tsunami
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Alaska 1964
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Subduction Zone at convergent plate boundary. most died because of the tsunami
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Loma Prieta 1989
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Nimitz Freeway upper deck collapsed
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Haicheng China 1975
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Observers noticed it and had every citizen evacuake.
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Tangenshen 1976
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massive earthquake in china 250k died one year after Haicheng
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