Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
A regression occurs when?
|
Sea level is falling
|
|
|
A transgression occurs when?
|
Sea level is rising?
|
|
|
Structual and stratigraphic cross section reveals what?
|
Structural cross section revelas the true positions and true vertical depth of rock layers and deformation structures.
Stratigraphic corss section showd depositional variations of rock layers without deformation structures and without reveling the true depth |
|
|
What is an isochore map?
What is an isopach map? what is a structrual contour map? |
an isochore measures the contours of true vertical thickness
an isopach measure the contours of true straticgraphic thickness an structural contour map measures the depth contours of a subsurface formation |
|
|
Select the option that gives the correct match between the deposition on the left and the environment on the right. (Continetal, transitional, or marine)
1) Alluvial 2) Fluvial 3) Delta 4) Lagoon Reef |
1) continental
2) continental 3) transitional 4) marine |
|
|
Turbidites are deposited in?
|
deep marine fan
|
|
|
High wave energy =
Low wave energy = Medium wave energy = |
Reef
platform slop lagoon |
|
|
The closer to a hydrocarbon reservoir, the salinity of the connate water tends to ?
|
be be higher
|
|
|
Gas is said to be sweet or sour, based on the absence or presence of?
|
H2S
|
|
|
Gas hydrates form when?
|
Can form when temperatue is above 0 C and the pressure is high
|
|
|
What are the major effects of subsidence due to basin fills on sediments?
|
Porosit reduction
Permeability reduction pressure increase Temperature increase |
|
|
Which of the following sequences most likely will result in a petroleum accumulation?
|
Source rock -> reservoir -> seal -> overburden rock -> strucural trap -> matruation and migration
|
|
|
Earth's lithosphere is broken into large plates. The the major kinds of plate boundaries are?
|
Divergent margin, convergent margin, transform margin
|
|
|
What is the major cause for the movement of tectonic plates?
|
Slow convection in solid mantel over geologic time.
|
|
|
Rock in the
core mantle oceanic crust continetal crust |
Fe and Ni metal
Augite Basalt and Gabbro High SiO2, K20, and Na2O |
|
|
What is the mineral rock type
1)clay 2)quartz 3)calcite 4)dolomite 5)mica/feldspars 6)olivine |
1)Shale
2)sandstone 3)limestone 4)dolostone 5)granite 6)basalt |
|
|
folds and reverse faults in a mountain belt suggest
|
compressional stress
|
|
|
What is an anticline, syncline, and a monocline?
|
syncline goes down
anticline goes up monocline goes in one direction |
|
|
Which of the following lists the correct sequence for the formation of a clastic sedimentrary rock?
|
weathering, erosion, transport, deposition, lithification
|
|
|
Which of the folliwing minerals can be transported a long distance by water without being dissolved or broken down?
|
quartz
|
|
|
If we order the following sediemtns by numbering them 1 to 8 as thedistance increases from the source to the place of deposition, then, the one nearest to the souce is 1 and the one farthers from the source is 8. Select the option that gives the correct match between the grain size and the transport distance
|
Pebbles 1
Very coarse sand 2 Coarse sand 3 medium sand 4 fine sand 5 very fine sand 6 silt 7 clay 8 |
|
|
In the shallow water carbonate environment given in the girure below, you could expect to find different carbonate deposits such as boundstone, grainstone, packstone, wackstone, carbonate mudstone in different regions. Select the option that gives the correct match between the major carbonate rock type and the name of the region.
1)Boundstone, gainstone 2) packstone, wackestone, mudstone 3) packstone, wackestone |
1) reef
2) slope 3) lagoon |
|
|
List the five major steps of the Wilson cycle in the order of their occurrence
|
continental rift - new young basin
passive margin boundaries - strike slip ocean closing - island ar formation island arc - continent collision continent - continent ccollision |
|
|
List the three major sedimentary basin types in each of which more than 20% of the world's hydrocarbons reserves have been found
|
passive margin
continental rift continental collisional margin |
|
|
The main factor that converts oreganic matter into hydrocarbons in?
|
temperature
|
|
|
Which of he paris is more likely to be associated with a source rock?
Quartz or Shale High TOC or Low TOC Carbonate Mudstone or Grainstone |
Mudrock
High Toc Carbonate mudstone |
|
|
What causes Earth's Magnetic field?
|
The rapid convection in the liquid out core
|
|
|
Where are all of the convergent boundaries?
|
On the boundaries of the sea and the ocean
|
|
|
Where are all of the divergent boundaries?
|
in the middle of the sea and between africa and the middle east
|
|
|
What is decompression?
|
the movement of rocks into a lower pressure without losing heat
|
|
|
What is the Wilson Cycle?
|
Continental Rifting
Seafloor spreading Ocean Closing Arc-continent Collision Continet-continent Collision |
|
|
What are the two kinds of sedimentary rocks?
|
Clastic and Chemical (Biochemcial and Evaporites)
|
|
|
What is an alluvial fan?
|
cone shaped body of sediment formed where steep moutain stream enters a valley
|
|
|
What is a Sabkha?
|
An extensive tract of land with high evaporation.
|
|
|
What is a fluvial?
|
Rivers (both braided and meandering)
|
|
|
Why does river braiding occur?
|
rapid and large fluctions in river discharge
abundance of sediment supply high rate of sediment supply easily erodible banks |
|
|
What is a delta?
|
A sediemtnary environment that forms when rivers enter a large body of water and drop their sediment load
|
|
|
What is a beach?
|
A sedimentary environment that occurs with the deposition of the longshore drift.
|
|
|
What are deep marine fans?
|
A sedimentary environment in the deep water beyond the mouth of submarine canyons.
|
|
|
What is Cyclicity?
|
1. Break up of continental plates (more than 50 million years)
2. Plate movements (3-50 million years) 3) Uplift, subsidence and climate changes (0.5-3 my) 4) Climatic cyclic events (10,000-50,000 years) |
|
|
What is an Unconformity?
What are they caused by? |
A surface in rock succession representing a time gap.
Cuased by uplift, folding/tilting, erosion and non deposition |
|
|
Ductile Deformation occurs because of what two factors?
|
High temperature and high pressure
|
|
|
Where do ductile deformations start?
|
15-20 km under the surace
|
|
|
What are the three types of deformations?
|
Folds (Anti-syn-mono)
Faults (normal,reverse, trust,listric,strike-slip) Fractures |
|
|
How do you correlate with the subsurface?
|
Note walking-out outcrops, index fossils, similar rocks types in regular patterns, well logs, seismic reflection
|
|
|
What is the structural cross-section?
|
a vertical panel made by correlating logs that have been hung or arranged along sea level.
|
|
|
What is a stratigraphic cross-section?
|
a vertical panel made by correlating logs that have been hung or arranged along a level reference surface that is a marker bed or horizon.
|
|
|
What is an isopach map?
|
A map that record sthe thickness of formations. It contours true stratigraphic thickness
|
|
|
What is an isochore map?
|
a map that contours true vertical thickness.
|
|
|
What is a reservoir quality (net sand) map?
|
a map contours the sand:shale ratio of a formation.
|
|
|
What is a net pay map?
|
contours the ratio of gross pay to net pay within a reservoir.
|
|
|
What does gamma ray log show?
|
shows sands/carbonates from shales
|
|
|
what do nuetron logs show?
|
porosity
|
|
|
What is a density device?
|
a device (compton scattering) that reads electron density. finds the density
|
|
|
What is a sonic log?
|
uses sound waves to meaure the compressibility and flexibility of the formation. The slower the sound the more gas
|
|
|
What does a Nuclear magnetic Resouance (NMR) log show?
|
Movable fluids, permeability, and sandstone
|
|
|
What is a petroleum system?
|
a natural system that encompasses a pod of active source rock and all related oil and gas.
|
|
|
What bedforms form with low velocity?
medium velocity? high velocity? |
ripples
Dunes Planar bed |
|
|
What are the drilling rig systems?
|
hoisting, rotary, and fluid circulating system
|
|
|
What dos a mud log show?
|
cutting dpeth, gas, and other litholigcal data made while drillin
|
|
|
What dos a SP log mesaure?
|
resistivity, to show where there are fluids
|
|
|
What is a breakout?
|
a portion of the borehole that has a stress greater than it strength fails.
|
|
|
What is petroleum?
|
a thick, flammable, yellow-to-black mixture of gaseous,liquid, and solid hydrocarbons that occur naturally beneath the earth's surface, can be separated into fractions including natural gas, gasoline, naphtha, kerosene, fuel and lubricating oils, paraffin wax, and asphalt and is used as raw material for a wide variety of derivative products.
|
|
|
What is the oil window?
|
from 60 to 175 F
|
|
|
What is the gas widow?
|
175 F to 225 F for wet gas
175 to 315 for dry gas |
|
|
What is a play?
|
a group of reservoirs genetically related by depositional origin, structural type or trap type, and nature of source rocks or seals
|
