Geol 225 Test 2

Front 1

any material deposited by a stream

Back 1

alluvial

Front 2

earth's most important erosional agents

Back 2

streams

Front 3

two types of alluvial stream channels

Back 3

meandering and braided stream

Front 4

what can help determine the nature of the stream channel

Back 4

size and type of sediment being carried

Front 5

the outside of a meander is a zone of active erosion called

Back 5

cut bank

Front 6

migrate laterally by eroding the outside of the bends where velocity is faster and depositing on the inside where velocity is slower

Back 6

meandering channels

Front 7

location of the stream does not stay in one place

Back 7

meandering channel

Front 8

develop where coarse-grained alluvium is transported as bedload

Back 8

braided channel

Front 9

consists of largely of fine-grained particles that are transported as suspended load in a deep, smooth channel

Back 9

meandering channel

Front 10

three ways a stream transports their load of sediment

Back 10

dissolved load, suspended load, and bed load

Front 11

brought to a stream by groundwater and is dispersed throughout the flow

Back 11

dissolved load

Front 12

where most streams carry the largest part of their load

Back 12

suspended load

Front 13

usually only fine particles consisting of silt and clay are carried this way

Back 13

suspended load

Front 14

coarser particles move along the bottom of the stream channel

Back 14

bed load

Front 15

measures the maximum size of particles a stream is capable of transporting

Back 15

competence

Front 16

the maximum load of solid particles a stream can transport per unit of time

Back 16

capacity

Front 17

the vermillion river is which type of stream channel

Back 17

meandering stream

Front 18

where is the velocity located in meandering channel

Back 18

on the outside of the meander

Front 19

what happens when velocity of a channel is lowered

Back 19

disposition

Front 20

the neck of the land between the meanders is gradually narrowed and a new shorter channel is segment is produced

Back 20

cut off

Front 21

what type of basin in the atchafalaya basin

Back 21

flood basin

Front 22

which type of lake in louisiana is a oxbow lake

Back 22

false river

Front 23

what does water in flood always try to do

Back 23

take the shortest path

Front 24

two general types of base level

Back 24

ultimate base level and local or temporary base level

Front 25

lower limit to how deep a stream can erode

Back 25

base level

Front 26

sea level because it is the lowest level to which stream erosion could lower the land

Back 26

ultimate base level

Front 27

includes resistant layers of rocks, lakes, and main streams that act as base level for their tributaries

Back 27

temporary of local base level

Front 28

the area where water spreads out on it banks

Back 28

flood plain

Front 29

stream's channel takes on a meandering pattern and cuts away first at one bank and then at the other

Back 29

valley widening

Front 30

rivers exhibits meandering channels that flow in steep, narrow valleys

Back 30

incised meanders

Front 31

how do incised meanders form

Back 31

changes in base level, changes in sea level, and changes in land

Front 32

if the land elevation does not change, the effect of global warming would cause which of the following to occur to the base level

Back 32

rise in base level

Front 33

sediments laid down by stream

Back 33

alluvial

Front 34

what does deposits cause

Back 34

deltas, natural levees, and flood plain

Front 35

formed when a stream enters the relatively still waters of an ocean or lake, it velocity drops abruptly

Back 35

delta

Front 36

low wet areas and tend to stay wet all the time

Back 36

back swamps

Front 37

which types of loads spread out when rivers flood

Back 37

suspended and bed load

Front 38

most common and most destructive geologic hazard

Back 38

floods

Front 39

occur when the discharge of the stream exceeds the capacity of the channel

Back 39

floods

Front 40

form when a meandering stream floods

Back 40

natural levees

Front 41

what switches location over time and is a natural process that helps build our land

Back 41

deltas

Front 42

result from naturally occurring or human induced factors

Back 42

floods

Front 43

what are some flood plain managements

Back 43

artificial levees, flood control dams, channelization, nonstructural approach

Front 44

involves altering a stream channel to speed the flow of water to prevent it from reaching flood height

Back 44

channelization

Front 45

distribution of earth's water

Back 45

groundwater

Front 46

where does most freshwater come from

Back 46

glaciers

Front 47

largest freshwater reservoir for humans

Back 47

groundwater

Front 48

used for drinking, irrigation, industrial

Back 48

groundwater

Front 49

as an erosional agent, what does groundwater produce

Back 49

sinkholes, caverns,

Front 50

what is related to stream flow

Back 50

groundwater

Front 51

features associated with subsurface water

Back 51

unsaturated zone, zone of saturation, and water table

Front 52

boundary between unsaturated and saturated zones

Back 52

water table

Front 53

the area above the water table where soil, sediment, and rock are not saturated

Back 53

unsaturated zone

Front 54

the area below the water table where open spaces in sediment and rock are completely filled with water

Back 54

zone of saturation

Front 55

the percentage of the total volume of rock or sediment that consists of pore spaces

Back 55

porosity

Front 56

ability to transmit water through connected pore spaces

Back 56

permeability

Front 57

a permable layer of material

Back 57

aquifer

Front 58

an impermeable layer of material

Back 58

aquitard

Front 59

intersection of the water table with the surface

Back 59

springs

Front 60

water is 6-9 degrees celsius warmer than the average annual air temp. or regular groundwater

Back 60

hot springs

Front 61

drilled to bring the groundwater to the surface

Back 61

water wells

Front 62

water flows without pumping

Back 62

artesian well

Front 63

eruption of the earth's surface

Back 63

geysers

Front 64

what forms when pull water table down

Back 64

a cone of depression

Front 65

what can pumping in a well lower

Back 65

the water table

Front 66

what is the environmental problem with groundwater

Back 66

nonrenewable resource

Front 67

like and artesian system

Back 67

municipal water system

Front 68

level to which the water will rise

Back 68

pressure surface

Front 69

can dissolve rock under the ground

Back 69

groundwater

Front 70

what is the two step process for groundwater to dissolve rock

Back 70

caverns and features found within caverns

Front 71

formed in the zone of saturation where dissolve the water and lowered the water table

Back 71

caverns

Front 72

form in the zone of unsaturation/aeration

Back 72

features found within caverns

Front 73

used for any surface that gives us an idea that there is soluable rock underneath the earth surface

Back 73

karst topography

Front 74

which type of rock underneath the ground dissolves

Back 74

limestone

Front 75

what are some common features found within caverns

Back 75

stalactites and stalagmites

Front 76

hanging from the ceiling

Back 76

stalactites

Front 77

growing upward from the floor

Back 77

stalagmites

Front 78

came up with the idea that the land was together in a way called pangaea

Back 78

alfred wegener

Front 79

came up with the book called The origin of continents and oceans

Back 79

alfred wegener

Front 80

happened approximately 200 million years ago

Back 80

pangaea

Front 81

fit of the continents, fossil evidence, rock type and structural similarities, paleoclimatic evidence

Back 81

evidence used to prove the theory of pangaea

Front 82

climate from the past based on rock evidence

Back 82

paleoclimatic evidence

Front 83

consist of crust and upper mantle

Back 83

lithosphere

Front 84

has seven major plates

Back 84

plate tectonic theory

Front 85

floating on the astenosphere and made up of composition basalt

Back 85

oceanic crust

Front 86

extends deeper and stands up higher and made by granitic compostition

Back 86

continental crust

Front 87

three types of plate boundaries named by the relative motion

Back 87

divergent, convergent, transform

Front 88

move away from each other

Back 88

divergent

Front 89

comes together

Back 89

convergent

Front 90

moves in opposite direction

Back 90

transform

Front 91

also called constructive margins where creates new rock material

Back 91

divergent plate boundary

Front 92

where do you find majority of divergent plate boundaries

Back 92

along the crest of oceanic ridges in iceland and east african rift

Front 93

what is convergent plate also called

Back 93

destructive plate boundaries

Front 94

oceanic crust goes down underneath the less dense continental crust forming a trench

Back 94

deep-ocean trench

Front 95

types of convergent plate boundary

Back 95

oceanic-continental convergence, oceanic-oceanic, continental-continental

Front 96

oceanic lithosphere subducts under continental causing melting to produce volcanoes

Back 96

oceanic- continental convergence

Front 97

one oceanic will be denser and older than onther and subducts in deep ocean trench where volcanoes are on sea floor

Back 97

oceanic-oceanic convergence

Front 98

where deep ocean trench is found and dense enough to go back into the mantle

Back 98

subduction zone

Front 99

will come together and not subduct and don't have melting but form high mountains

Back 99

continental-continental convergence

Front 100

where is new sea floor created

Back 100

divergent

Front 101

at the convergent plate boundary between lithosphere comprised of oceanic and continental crust, which crust is destroyed

Back 101

oceanic crust

Front 102

plates slide past one another

Back 102

transform fault boundaries

Front 103

what is transform fault also called

Back 103

conservative

Front 104

most join two segments of mid-ocean ridge

Back 104

transform fault boundary

Front 105

what does plates move past one another in opposite direction cause

Back 105

earthquakes

Front 106

what other boundary cause transform plate boundary to occur and explains why both happen mostly in ocean ridges

Back 106

divergent

Front 107

how can you use ocean drilling evident to test the plate tectonic model

Back 107

drill and as move away from the deep ocean ridge the age and more sediment increases

Front 108

how are multiple volcanoes on a plate form when plates begin to move

Back 108

hot spot

Front 109

the lithosphere plates float on which layer of our earth

Back 109

asthenosphere

Front 110

which composition of crust is denser

Back 110

oceanic crust

Front 111

why does the earth have a magnetic field

Back 111

a lot of iron -rich minerals

Front 112

a record of the magnetic pole at the time of their formation

Back 112

iron-rich minerals

Front 113

periodically reverses polarity

Back 113

earth's magnetic field

Front 114

where can you recognized that geomagnetic reversals

Back 114

on the seafloor

Front 115

where is paleomagnetic reversals recorded

Back 115

in oceanic crust

Front 116

the basic driving force of plate tectonics

Back 116

convective flow

Front 117

two types of plate-mantle convection

Back 117

layering at 660 km and whole mantle convection

Front 118

it spreads out, cools, and condenses and heat is trying to escape

Back 118

whole mantle convection

Front 119

the vibration of earth produced by the rapid release of energy

Back 119

earthquake

Front 120

what movement causes an earthquake to occur

Back 120

focus

Front 121

location on the earth's surface that is closest to where the earthquake occurred

Back 121

epicenter

Front 122

surface on which the earthquakes moves

Back 122

fault

Front 123

what are the two types of movement along fault

Back 123

focus and epicenter

Front 124

which types of plate boundaries does earthquakes occur

Back 124

all types

Front 125

the location where the earthquake occurs

Back 125

focus

Front 126

where energy is stored in the rock, earthquakes occur as the deformed rock " springs back" when energy is released, rocks on both sides of an existing fault are deformed and store the energy

Back 126

elastic rebound theory

Front 127

what occurs at the weakest point of the focus

Back 127

slippage

Front 128

not one single event vibrations before and after

Back 128

elastic rebound

Front 129

the deformed rock springs back to its original shape

Back 129

after the earthquake

Front 130

the theory that explains how earthquakes occur

Back 130

elastic rebound theory

Front 131

the study of earthquake waves

Back 131

seismology

Front 132

instrument that records earthquakes where can record movement/vibration of the earth

Back 132

seismograph

Front 133

shows the varying intensity and duration of the ground movement and tells the distance between two different waves

Back 133

seismogram

Front 134

two main types of seismic waves

Back 134

body waves and surface waves

Front 135

travel through earth's interior and included P and S waves

Back 135

body waves

Front 136

travel along outer part of earth, cause complex destruction

Back 136

surface waves

Front 137

exhibit greatest amplitude and slowest velocity

Back 137

surface waves

Front 138

push-pull motion, travels through solid, liquid, or gases

Back 138

primary waves

Front 139

travels the fastest out of all waves and breaks stuff

Back 139

primary waves

Front 140

shake or sheer waves at right angles to the direction of travel, up and down, and only travels through solids

Back 140

secondary waves

Front 141

P and S waves are both which type of waves

Back 141

body waves

Front 142

what can be determine from the time difference between P and S waves on a seismogram

Back 142

distance to the earthquake

Front 143

a result of how far away we are from the epicenter

Back 143

difference in time between earthquakes

Front 144

what does a triangulation of three distances tell

Back 144

the actual location of the earthquake

Front 145

two ways of measuring the size of earthquakes

Back 145

intensity and magnitude

Front 146

based on the amount of damage

Back 146

intensity

Front 147

estimates the amount of energy released

Back 147

magnitude

Front 148

based on the amplitude of the largest seismic wave recorded and distance

Back 148

richter scales

Front 149

measure bigger earthquakes and the scale used today

Back 149

moment magnitude scale

Front 150

everytime go up a number in the magnitude scale you increase the energy by 32

Back 150

logarithmic scale

Front 151

unconsolidated materials saturated with water turn into mobile fluid

Back 151

liquefaction

Front 152

results from vertical displacement, along a fault located on the ocean floor or a large undersea landslide triggered by a earthquake

Back 152

tsunamis

Front 153

change in direction and happens to the lines through the earth because of different materials

Back 153

refraction

Front 154

what are layers in the earth classified by

Back 154

composition and physical properties

Front 155

liquid layer composed mostly of iron-nickel alloy

Back 155

outer core

Front 156

stronger than outer core and behaves like a solid because it under so much pressure

Back 156

inner core

Front 157

general term that refers to all changes in the original form and/or size of a rock body

Back 157

deformation

Front 158

types of deformation

Back 158

elastic, ductile, and brittle

Front 159

the rock returns to nearly its original size and shape when the stress is removed

Back 159

elastic deformation

Front 160

involves stress or a force applied to a given area

Back 160

deformation

Front 161

flows and bends the rock

Back 161

ductile

Front 162

fractures the rock

Back 162

brittle

Front 163

which deformation are permanent

Back 163

brittle and ductile

Front 164

result from compressional stresses which shorten and thicken the crust

Back 164

most ductile folds

Front 165

common types of folds

Back 165

anticline and syncline

Front 166

long folds that are upfolded or arched rock layers

Back 166

anticline

Front 167

downfolds or troughs of rock layers

Back 167

syncline

Front 168

found in anticline folds where have a circular or slightly elongated structure and erosion exposes oldest rocks in center

Back 168

dome

Front 169

syncline folds where have a circular or slighly elongated structure

Back 169

basin

Front 170

fractures in rocks along which appreciable displacement has taken place

Back 170

faults

Front 171

what are faults classified by

Back 171

relative movement

Front 172

types of relative movement faults take

Back 172

horizontal, vertical, and oblique

Front 173

the movement along the surface of the fault

Back 173

slip

Front 174

what happens when have dip-slip fault in extension

Back 174

the hanging wall slides down the foot wall

Front 175

type of fault with vertical movement

Back 175

dip-slip fault

Front 176

in a normal fault the hanging wall moves in which direction relative to the foot wall

Back 176

down

Front 177

which type of force causes a normal fault

Back 177

tension

Front 178

types of dip-slip faults

Back 178

reverse fault, extension and normal fault

Front 179

the central down dropped block where bounded by normal faults

Back 179

graben

Front 180

the higher or upthrown blocks in extensional/normal faulting

Back 180

horsts

Front 181

strong compression faults, movement in the opposite direction where hanging wall moves up relative to the foot wall

Back 181

reverse fault

Front 182

has higher dip angle

Back 182

reverse fault

Front 183

has low angles

Back 183

thrust fault

Front 184

displacement being horizontal causes which fault

Back 184

strike-slip fault

Front 185

type of strike-slip fault

Back 185

transform fault

Front 186

accommodates motion between two large crustal plates

Back 186

transform fault

Front 187

what deformation do faults occur in

Back 187

brittle deformation

Front 188

what deformation does folds occur in

Back 188

ductile deformation