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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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3 major themes in geology
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-plate tectonics
-biological evolution -geologic time |
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James Hutton
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Uniformitarianism, father of modern geology
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Uniformitarianism (James Hutton)
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past is a key to the present
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Siccar Point, Scotland
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time gap in record
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most prominent feature in geologic time
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change
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average erosion of a continent
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0.03 mm/yr
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cutting of the grand canyon
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0.7 mm/yr
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post glacial rise of sea level
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5 mm/year
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rise of scandanavia
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10 mm/yr
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advance of tigris/euphrates river
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25,000 mm/yr
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3 rapid geologic changes
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earthquakes
volcanoes tsunamis |
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which was the biggest volcanic eruption
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Toba, 70,000 years ago
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Diluvian Hypothesis
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all sedimentary strata were deposited by the biblical flood
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Steno, Founder of Stratigraphy
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principles of :
Superposition Original Horizontality Original Lateral Continuity |
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Stratigraphy
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Reading rock record to understand Earth's history
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Principle of Superposition
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the oldest strata lies at the bottom, youngest at the top
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Principle of Original Horizontality
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sediments settling out of liquids will settle horizontal to the earth's surface
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Principle of Lateral Continuity
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Layers of strata continue equally in all directions for some distance
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William Smith
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Principle of Faunal/Fossil Succession
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Principle of Faunal Succession
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fossil assemblages succeed one another through time in a regular and predictable order
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Abraham Gottlob Warner
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Neptunism
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Neptunism
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all rocks were deposited within the earliest stages of the earth's history in the ocean, even basalt!
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James Hutton's theory on Siccar Point
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repeated cycles of deposition, uplift, erosion and more deposition. accompanied by intrusion and metamorphism
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Unconformities
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a surface within a rock sequence that represents a gap in accumulated sediments
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Hiatus
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missing time interval in an unconformity
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Charles Lyell
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Wrote the first geology text book, stressed importance of slow processes over long periods of time
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Lyell's Principle of cross-cutting relationships
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faults that cut through rocks are younger than the rocks they cut through
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Lyell's Principle of Inclusions
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fragments within larger rock masses are older than the rock masses in which they are enclosed
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Adam Sedgewick first named the _______ Period
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Cambrian Period
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Roderick Murchinson first name the ____ Period and the ______ Period
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Silurian Period
Permian Period |
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Charles Lapworth first named the _____ Period
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Ordovician
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Coal Bearing Strata
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Carboniferous
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3 fold division of strata in Germany
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Triasic
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Jurassic
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Jura Mountains of France and Switzerland
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Named for distinctive chalk beds
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Cretaceous
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Tertiary and Quaternary are together called
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Cenozoic
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Georges Cuvier
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found excessive extinctions from catastrophes and then new species were created which faught evolution
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Catastrophism
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catastropic extinctions
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less than ____ percent of animals will be preserved in an area at a specific time
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15
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what are fossil records biased upon?
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plants or animals with hard or mineralized sells, bones or cuticles
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Ways in which soft parts of organisms can be fossilized
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desiccation, freezing, amber, tar, peat bogs
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Replacement fossilization
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complete removal of original material by solution and deposition of new material in its place
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permineralization or petrification
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the addition of mineral material to existing hard parts
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carbonization
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water transorms the organic material of a plant or animal to a thin film of carbon.
gasses are driven off leaving an outline of the fish leaf or woddy tissue of plants |
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isotope
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a form of an element thst differs from another form in the number of NEUTRONS in its nucleus
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Evolution
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a change through time
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Dendrochronology
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measurement of time through tree rings
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Carbon-14 has a half life of 5730 years. If you start with 100 atoms of carbon 14, how man would you expect to have after about 3 half lives
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12
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Radiometric Age Dating
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Decay rates are independent of pressure and temperature
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C-bearing material
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bones, shells, wood, etc
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lagelstatten
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large concentration
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darwin lived ____ Mendel
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about the same time as
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Who was Darwin's Bulldog
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Thomas Huxley
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speciation
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new species from an ancestral one, occurs with geographic isolation
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punctuated equilibrium
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concept that evolution occurs in discontinuous jumps
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preadaptations
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organs adopted for one function can be take over and used for another function
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who established the principle of original horizontallity
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STENOOOO
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oil industry geologists mainly use ___fossils to date strata
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microfossils
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which factors affect c14 dating?
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changes in cosmic ray flux over time, burning of fossil fuels and nuclear bombs
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fission tract dating has the advantage that it doesn't require complex analytical equipment...bLah blAh blaH
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NUCLEAR REACTOR
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