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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The bowing of a large region of the earth's surface due to the movement of continents or the melting of continental glaciers.
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Warping
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Rock layers that have buckled under pressure by the movement of lithospheric plates.
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Folds
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Very large sea wave generated by an earthquake or a volcanic eruption.
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Tsunami
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Movement has been horizontal along the surface rather than upward or downward. Mountains have risen as the result of faulting.
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San Andreas fault system
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Whenever movement occures along a fault, or at another point of weakness, _____ results:
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An earthquake
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According to the Richter Scale:
0-2: 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 |
Not felt
Felt by some Windows rattle Windows break Poorly const build destroyed Steel bends Nearly total damage Total destruction |
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The richter scale is ___, which each increment of a whole number signifies a tenfold increase in magnitude. (not graduated, its geometric)
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logarithmic
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are responsible for the reduction of land surfaces. The worn, scraped, or blown away material is deposited in new places and new landforms are created.
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Gradational processes
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Three kinds of gradational processes occure:
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weathering, mass movement, and erosion
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the breakdown and decomposition of rocks and minerals at or near the earth's surface in response to atmospheric factors is called:
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Weathering
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the physical disintegration of earth materials at or near the surface, larger rocks are broken into smaller pieces.
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Mechanical weathering
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The decomposition of earth materials because of chemical reactions that include oxidation, hydration, and carbonation.
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Chemical weathering
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The downslope movement of material due to gravity
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Mass movement (aka mass wasting)
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such as wind, water, and glaciers, carve already existing landforms into new shapes.
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Erosional agents
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sand and mud
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Alluvium
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A steep-sided, flat-bottomed gully, usually dry, carved out of desert land by rapidly flowing water.
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Arroyos
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A dry, braided channel in the desert that remains after the rush of rainfall runoff water.
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Wash
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A small, flat-topped, isolated hill with steep sides, common in dry climate regions.
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Butte
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An extensive, flat-topped elevated tableland with horizontal strata, a resistant cap rock, and one or more steep sides; a large butte.
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Mesa
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The upper limit of the saturated zone and therefore of groundwater; the top of the water within an aquifer.
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Water table
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Refers to a large limestone region marked by sinkholes, caverns, and underground streams.
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Karst topography
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a large body of ice moving slowly down a slope or spreading outward on a land surface.
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Glacier
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a permanently frozen layer of ground that can be as much as 300 meter deep.
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Permafrost
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The materials that constitute the earth's surface.
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Rocks
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amount of water vapor, degree of cloud cover, nature of the earth surface, elevation above sea level, degree & direction of air movement
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Determines the temp at any given location:
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a moment view of the lower atmosphere.
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Weather
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a description of typical weather conditions in an area or at a place over a period of time.
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Climate
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At any given place, the amount of incoming solar radiation
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Insolation
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The rate of temperature change with altitude in the troposphere
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Lapse rate
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Air at lower altitudes is cooler that air aloft
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Temperature inversion
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causes air to blow from an area of high pressure toward an area of low pressure
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Pressure gradient force
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The circulatory motion of descending cool air and ascending warm air.
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Convection System
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Airflow from the land toward the sea, resulting from a nighttime pressure gradient that moves winds from the cooler land surface to the warmer sea surface. (ex of convection system)
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Land breezes
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Airflow from the sea toward the land, resulting from a daytime pressure gradient that moves winds from the cooler sea surface onto the warmer land surface. (ex of convection system)
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Sea breezes
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The downward flow of heavy, cool air at night from mountainsides to lower valley locations.
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Mountain breezes
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The flow of air up mountain slopes during the day.
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Valley breezes
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wind veers toward the right of the direction of travel in the Northern Hemisphere and toward the left in the Southern Hemisphere.
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Coriolis effect
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Causes wind to follow an intermediate path.
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Frictional effect
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The strongest flows of upper air winds, 9-12 kilometers
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Jet streams
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A wind system that reverses direction seasonally, producing wet and dry seasons; especially in Asia.
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Monsoon
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The principle surface ocean currents of the world Map Page 99
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Ocean effects affect everything
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The most dramatic cloud formation, which is an anvil-head cloud that oftern accompanies heavy rain.
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Cumulonimbus clouds
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Low, gray clouds that appear more oftern in cooler seasons than in warmer months.
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Stratus clouds
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the very high, wispy clouds that appear in all seasons and are made entirely of ice crystals.
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Cirrus clouds
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is a percentage measure of the moisture content of the air, expressed as the amount of water vapor present relative to the maximum that can exist at the current temperature.
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Relative humidity
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When large masses of air rise, precipitation may take place in one of three types:
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convectional, orographic, or cyclonic
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Results from rising, heated, moisture-laden air.
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Convectional Precipitation
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occures as warm air is forced to rise because hills or mountains block moisture-laden winds.
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Orographic precipitation
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common to the midlatitudes where cool and warm air masses meet.
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Cyclonic (aka: frontal) precipitation
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large bodies of air with similar temperature and humidity characteristics throughout.
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Air masses
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include large areas of uniform surface and relatively consistent temperatures.
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source region
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a large system of air circulation centered on a region of low atmospheric pressure is called a midlatitude ___, which can develop into a storm.
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Cyclone
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an intense tropical cyclone, which begins in a low-pressure zone over warm waters.
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Hurricane
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The name given a hurricane in the western Pacific
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Typhoon
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Separates the cold, dry air from whatever other air is in its path.
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Front
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is the occurance of heavy snow and high winds.
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Blizzard
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the most violent and smallest of all storms characterized by a funnel-shaped cloud of whirling winds that can form beneth a cumulonimbus cloud in proxomity to a cold front and that moves at high speeds.
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Tornado
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Five major factors involved in soil formation:
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geologic, climatic, topographic, biological, and chronological.
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The El Nino condition is an example of the interaction of:
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Atmospheric pressure and ocean temperature
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moderately dry lands
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Steeps
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